NEW yORK
BOTANICAL GARDEN,

GIVEN BY N. L. BRITTON.

Bulletin No. 7.

U. S. DEPAETMENT OP AGRIOULTUEE.

DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOCa.

[Grass and Forage Plant Investigations.!

3 rel eeJL, V\ix5 nor C^'^O ,%l

AMERICAN GRASSES.

(IT.I.TJSTRA.TEr).)

BY

AGKOSTOLOGIST.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1897.

Xl:

LETTER OF SUBMITTAL

U. S. r)EPART3IKNT OF AGRICULTURE,

l)ivisio]N[ OF Agrostology,
Washinf/ton, I). C, January 22, 1897.

Sir: I submit herewitli a number of illustrations of
native aud introduced grasses, with brief descriptions
and notes upon the distribution of each, based upon the
collections of the Department, and recommend their
publication as Bulletin No. 7 of this Division. These
illustrations were primarily designed to illustrate a Hand-
book of North Ameri(;an Grasses, in which all the North
American species are to be figured, but as it will be
some time before the remaining figures can be engraved,
it has been suggested that three hundred of those now
completed be published, in order to render them imnie.
dlately useful and available to others. If the present
form of publication had been orginally contemplated,
a different selection of figures would doubtless have
been made. This is of small importance, however, as
it is hoped to publish illustrations of all the species in
the near future, aud it is for this reason that references
to the detail drawings are omitted. Notes upcui the
uses and value of the species of economic interest were
published in J'.uUetin No. 3 of this Division, '^Useful

iind Ornamental Grasses."

3

The drawings are all from carefully selected specimeus,
the habit sketches being made by Mr. A. H. Baldwin,
The enlarged details were drawn hy myself, with the ex-
ception of a few which were made by Miss M. D. Baker.
The engraving is the work of Mr. L. S. Williams and
.Mr. George P. Bartle. The work has all been done in
the office of the Division, with the exception of that
jjerformed by Mr. Bartle.
Respectfully,

F. Lamson-Scribner.

Agrostohgist.
Hon. Chas. W. Dabney, Jr.,

Assistant Secretary of Agriculture.

INTRODUCTION.

In order to make the present publication more useful
to students <»f grasses, the order Graminete and the sev-
eral tribes into which the order has been divided by our
best authorities are here briefly characterized. Under
the tribes the genera which are native or have been
introduced are enumerated, and those having species
figured in this bulletin are marked with an asterisk (*).

GRAMINEiE— GRASSES.

Characters of the o/v/er.— Fibrnu.s-rooted, annual or perennial,
lierbaceous (rarely woody) plants, with usually hollow, cylindri-
cal (rarely flattened) and jointed stems (aulms) whose iuteruodes
for more or less of their length are enveloped by the sheath-like
basal portion of the two-ranked and usually linear, parallel veined
leaves ; flowers without any distinct perianth, hermaphrodite
or rarely unisexual, solitary or several together, in S2)ike1ets,
which are arranged in panicles, racemes, or spikes, and which con-
sist of a shortened axis (the rachilla) and two or more chaff-like,
distichous imbricated bracts {glumes), of which the flrst two,
rarely one or none or more than two, are empty {empiy glumes) ; in
the axil of e.ach of the succeeding bracts (exceiiting sometimes
the upper-most) is borne a flower (hence these are named Jloicering
glumes). Opposed to each flowering glume, with its back turned
toward the rachilla, is (usually) a two-nerved, two-keeled bract
or prophyllum ( the j;rt7e«), which fre(i[uent]y envelops the flower
"by its infolded edges. At the base of the flower, between it and
its glume, are usually two very small hyaline scales (lodicules);

5

6

rarely tLere is a third lodicule betweea tlie tiower and tlae palea;
stamens, nsnally tliree (rarely two or one, or more than three)
with very slender filaments and two-celled, usually versatile
anthers ; ])istil with a one-celled, one-ovuled ovary, and one to
three, usually two, styles with variously branched, most fre-
quently plumose, stigmas; embryo small, lying at the front and
base of the seed, covered only by the thin pericarp; fruit a
caryopsis, rich in albumen. (In Sporobohis and Elensine the thin
pericarp is free from the seed.)

Xumher of species. — There are about thirty-five huudred
known species of grasses, varying iu size from the moss-
like CoJeanthus of the Xorth to the tree-like bamboos of
the Tropics, which tower to the height of 30 m. or more;
and ranging in distribution from Kerguelen Land on
the South to the extreme limit of vegetation beyond the
Arctic Circle. There is no order of plants more widely
distributed, or existing under a greater diversity of soil
and climate, and no other order presents such a vast
number of individual i)lants or is so important and
directly useful to man.

Series A. — Panicace^.

Spikelets one- rarely two-flowered ; when two-flowered
the second or terminal one is perfect, the first or lower
one being either staminate or neuter; rachilla articu-
lated below the empty glumes, the spikelets falling from
the pedicels entire, either singly, in groups, or together
with the Joints of an articulate rachis. The first six
tribes belong to this series.

Tribe I. — Maydea'.

Spikelets unisexual, the staminate forming a part of the iutio-
rescence with the pistillate, or each in a separate inflorescence on
the same ])lant ; tlowerinii jilnmes hyaline or much less firm
in texture than the outer ones; axis of the female spikelets
usually articulated.

This is a small tribe, numbering' only sixteen species
classed in seven genera. They are nearly all natives
of the Tropics, chietly in the Old World. Indian corn,
or maize, is our best kno^rn example of the Maydese.

Eiichla-ua Schrail.
Zea Linn.
Tripsacum Linn.*

Trihe II. — Andropogone(F.

Spikelets in spike-like racemes, two at each joint of the articu-
late rachis, one sessile and hermaphrodite, one pedicellate, the
latter hermaphrodite, staminate. neuter, or reduced to the pedicel
alone: glumes usually four, the first and second empty, larger
and much firmer in texture than the others, the third usually
empty, with a staminate flower in its axil, very rarely awned, the
fourth or flowering glume hyaline, usually awned, awn usually
twisted or geniculate.

This tribe contains about four hundred species divided
amou,ii: twenty-nine genera, of which the genus Andropo-
gon. with one hundred and ninety species, is by far the
largest and probably the most important. Sugar cane
belongs to this tribe in the genus Saccharum. Our best
known representatives of the Andropogoneje are the
common broom sedge. Andropogon virgin iciis. and the
big blue stem. Andropogon prorinciaUs. In the same
genus are now classed our species of sorghum. The
members of the tribe are distributed throughout the
tropical and warmer regions of both hemispheres.

Imperata Cyr. " Hackelochloa Kuntze.*

Miscauthus Auderss. {Manisiiris Sw. not Linn.)

Saccharum Linn. Trachypogon Nees.

Eriauthus Michx.* Eliouurns HBK. ""

Manisuris Linn.* Andropogon Linu."
{RotthoeUia Limi. f.)

8

Tribe III. — Zoijsmv.

Spikelets solitary or in groups of two to eight, each group fall-
ing as a whole from the continuous rachis, usually oiie-tlowered,
hermaijhrodite, or stamiuate and hermaphrodite in the same
group; flowering glume less firm in texture than the awned or
awnless outer ones, ■which are herbaceous, chartaceous, or coria-
ceous; the first glume is usually larger than the second.

A small tribe, numbering about twenty-five species

which represent nearly half that number of genera.

Fifteen species are natives of the tropical and warmer

temperate regions of America. Black grama, or Gal-

leta, as the Mexicans name it, species of Hilaria^ are

our best-known representatives of the tribe.

Hilaria Kunth.* Nazia Adans. (Tragrus Hall).

:iEgopogon HBK. Zoysiu Willd.

Tribe IV. — Tristegiiiea'.

Spikelets all hermaphrodite, in panicles ; empty glumes three,
or the third with a staniinate flower in its axil, herbaceous or
chartaceous; flowering gluiues membranaceous, awned or awn-
less; lachilla articulated below the empty glumes.

A small tribe of only seven genera aud thirty-three
species, natives chiefly of the tropical regions of the
Old World. Of the few American species none extend
so far north as the United States.

Tribf. y. — Paniced'.

Spikelets hermaphrodite, terete or flattened on tb« b-itk ; glumes
three or four (rarely only two) ; when four tl -'lally a

staniinate flower or a palea in the axil of the ti..i.u, v. per-

most or flowering glume of the hermai)hrodite flower is always
firmer in texture than tbe outer glumes, of which the first is
usually smaller than the others; axis of the inflorescence not
articulated, the rachilla being articulated below the empty
glumes, the spikelets falling off singly from their pedicels.

9

This is one of the largest tribes iu the order Grami-
iieu'. It contains twenty-two genera with over six hnn-
dred and thirty species. Panicum, the principal genus,
is the largest among grasses, numbering three hundred
species. The Panicew are very widely distributed
throughout the tropical and temperate regions of the
world. Crab- grass and the millets are among our best
known examples of this tribe.

Reimaria Fliigge. " Oplismenus Beau v.

Paspahim Linu." Chu'tochloa Scribn.*
Anthii'iiantia Beauv. {Sctaria Auct.)

Ampbicarjion Raf. * Cenchrus Liun.*

Eriochloa Kunth.* Pennisetum Pers.*

Panicum Linn.* Stenotaphruiii Trin."

Tribe VI. — Orijzeo'.

Spikelets usually much compressed laterally, one-flowered,
staminate, pistillate, or hermaphrodite; empty glumes two or
none, the tlower being subtended by the floral glume and palea
alone, the latter one-nerved and regarded by some as a second
glume ; stamens frequently six ; axis of the inflorescence not artic-
ulated.

A small tribe of about forty species divided among
sixteen genera, mostly confined to tropical America.
One of the best known and most extensively used of
the cereals, rice {Oryza sativa), belongs here.

Hydrochloa Beauv. Zizania Linn.

Pharus Lin- Oryza Linn.

Luziolr Homalocenchrus Mieg.*

Ziza .o I'ot-.i and Asch. (Leersia Sw.)

SEKIE8 B. — POACE^.

Spikelets one- to many-flowered, the imperfect or rudi-
mentary flower, if any, usually uppermost; rachilla

10

usually articulated above the empty glumes, so that
these remain after the tail of the fruiting glume.' In
spikelets with two or more flowers these are separated
by a manifest internode of the rachilla, and in such
cases the rachilla is usually articulated below each
lowering glume.

Tribk VII. — rhalari(k(e.

Spikelets more or less laterally compressed, one- or rarely three-
tlowered; glumes five, the first two empty aud below the articu-
lation of the rachilla, the third and fourth above the arti< illation,
usually empty, very unlike the outer ones, rarely subtending
stamiuate fiowers, sometimes reduced to mere bristles, the fifth
glume with a one-nerved or nerveless ])alea and a hermaphrodite
flower.

A small tribe, comprising six genera with about sixty
species of comparatively little importance. Several of
the species, sweet vernal grass and vanilla grass, are
remarkable for possessing a peculiar fragrance due to
their containing coumarin. Canary-grass is one of the
best known members of this tril)e.

Phalaris Linn.* Savastana Schrank.*

Anthoxauthum Linn.* ( Hierochloe Gmelin).

Tribe VIII. — Agrostldew.

Spikelets all hermaphrodite, one-tlowered with three glumes,
the first two empty (very rarely wanting), usually as long as or
exceeding the third or floral glume; rachilla sometimes pro-
longed behind the palea into a naked or plumose bristle. Palea
two-nerved (one-nerved in Ciuna), nerveless, or (in some Jgrostis
species) wanting.

^ Alopecurus, Cinna, Spartina. and llnlcns :imong our grasses,
have the rachilla articulated below the first pair of glumes, and
the spikelets fall off entire.

11

This is, next to the Festucea', the largest tribe in the
order, numbering seven hundred species arranged in
forty-six genera. Tlie species are distributed tlirough-
out all the temperate and colder regions of the world
and nuuiy occur within the Tropics. The genus Af/rostis,
from which the tribe derives its name and from which
comes the word " agrostologist," has about one hundred
species, found in all parts of the world, especially in
the north temperate zone. Some of our most important
meadow grasses — notably Herd's-grass and timothy —
belong to this tribe.

Aristida Linn.* Epicampes Presl.*

•Stipa Linn. ' Pol jpogon Desf.

Oryzopsis Michx.* Limuodia L. H. Dewey.*

Milium Linn.* {Thurheria Benth.)

Muhlenbergia Schreb.* Arctagrostis Griseb.

Bracliyelytrnm Beauv.* Cinna Linn."

Lycunis Kunlh. Agrostis Linn.*

Pereilema Presl. Gastiidiuni Beauv.

Heleochloa Host.* Calaniagrostis Roth.*

Phleuni Linn.* Ammophila Host.*

Alopecnrns Linn.* Calamovilt'a Seribn.*

Coleantlnis Seid. Apera Adans.

Phippsia R. Br.* Lagurus Linn.
Sporobolns R. Br.*

Trii'.k IX. — Aieneti.

Spikelets two- to several-flowered ; outer empty glumes usually
longer than the first floral glume; one or more of the floral
glumes awned on the back or from between the teeth of the bifid
apex; awn usually twisted or geniculate; the callus, and usually
the joints of the rachilla, hairy.

A tribe comprising twenty-three genera and over
three liundred species widely distributed in the tem-
perate regions of both the Old and the New World,
particularly abundant in South Africa and Australia,
a few extending beyond the arctic circle.

1-2

Several of the species aie valued as forage plants.
Cultivated oats. An'iui xativa, is the best-kuown ex-
ample of this tribe.

Holcus Liiiii., in nart. * Trisetum Pers.*

Aim Linn.* AveuaLinn.*'

Wt'iugatMtneria Bernb.* AnhiMiatlieriuu Beanv.*

{Coriiii<i>lionts Heauv.) Dauthuuia DC.^
Desi'liampsia Beaiiv.*

Tribe X. — Chloride(r.

Spikelets one- to seveial-llowered iu one-sided spikes or racemes ;
these racemes diijitate or fasciculate, raroly solitary: tlowering
glunios usually keeled, entire and nnawned. or toothed, and with
one or three straight awns.

A small tribe of twenty-seven uenera and one hun-
dred and lift\ -tive si)e('ies. eharaeteri/.ed ehietly by the
intloresceiu'e, which is nearly that of l^hsixtliim. The
awns when present are not dorsal nor twisted, as iu
Agrostidea' and Arcncn: Chiefly natives of tropical
and subtropical countries; a few are widely distributed
as weeds throughout the warmer ])arts of the world. A
number are good turf-forming grasses, and are valued
for grazing i)urposes. One of tlu'se is the celebrated
butlalo-grass of the Western plains, which is remark-
able for having the staniiiuite and pistillate spikelets
separate and in unlike inflorescences, either uj)ou the
same plant (moncvcious) or upon diflerent plants (di(e-
cious).

Capriola .Vdans.' Sehedonnardus Steud.*

(CyiiixloH I'ers.) Bouteloua I-ai?.*

Spartina Sehieh." Beeknianuia Most.*

Campulosns Desv.* Eleusine (iaertn.*

(Ctdi'nini Panzer). Dactyloeteniuni Willd."

Chloris ."^w." I.eiitocliloa Beanv.*

Trichloris Fourn.' Bulhilis Kaf.*

Gyninopogon Beauv. ' ( Hiichlol' Engelui.)

13

TiiiiJE XI. — restuce(P.

Spikelets two- to many-flowered, usually hormaplirodite, jirdicd.
late ill TiK^emes or paTiiclcs, the hitter sometimes deuse and spike-
like; flowering glumes usually longer than the empty ones,
awuless or with on<- to seveial straij^lit (rarely bent) awns which
arc cither terniiiial nr Ijornc just below th<; api-x.

This is the largest tribe in the order, numbering
seventy-six genera and about seven hundred and
twenty-five species. It contains the most imi)ortant
meadow grasses of tlie temperate regions as well as the
more prevalent grasses of the higher mountains within
the Tropics. The genus Poa, wliich includes Kentucky
blue-grass, Texas blue-grass, etc., numbers one hundred
species, and an equal number of sjtecies are included in
the genus Emr/rostis. The I'escues number eighty
species, and the tribe Takes its name from this genus —
Fefituca. Orcliard grass, Uaetylis (jlomerata, is a well-
known example of this tribe.

Pappophonim Schreb.*
Cottea Kunth. "
Cathestecnm Trr-sl.*
Sclcropogoii I'hilippi.*'
Mouanthochloe Engelm,
MunroaTorrey.*
Orcuttia Vasey.*
Gynerium HBK.
Arnndo Linn.
Phraj:mitcs Trin.*
Bhpharidachue Hack.
{Eremochloi! S. Wats.)
Triodia K.Br.*
Siegliugia Bernh.
Redfieldia Vasey.*
Dissanthelium Trin.
Moliuia Schrank.
Eragrostis Host.*
Eaton ia IJaf. *
Koeleria Pers.*
Catabrosa Beauv. *

Melica Linn.*
Korycarpus Zea.*
(Diarrheva Raf. )
Plcuropogon K. Brown.
Uniola Linn."
Distichlis Kaf.*
Briza Linn.*
Dactylis Linn.*
Cynosurus Linn.*
Lamarckia Moench.*
Poa Linn.*
Colpodium Trin.
Dupontia K. Br.
Scolochhja Link.
Grai)lieph<>runi Desv."
Panicularia Fabr.*
{Ghjcei'ia R. Br.)
Puccinellia ParL^
Festuca Linn.*
Bromus Linn.

14

Tkiisk XII. — Horded'.

Spikelets one- to many-flowered, usually licrmaphrodite, sessile
alonji the loninion racliis, foimiug a simple or toiiipouud sjjike;'
irlumes awned or awuless.

A small tribe of tweuty genera and about one hun-
dred and thirty species. It is an important division,
however, for it includes rye, barley, and the many vari-
etiesof wheat. English and Italian Eye-grasses (io/i«tw
species) are the chief meadow grasses of the tribe.

Nardiis Linn.* .Secale Linn.

LoliumLinn.* Triticum Liuu.

Leptnrns R. Br. Hordeiim Linn.*

Scribneria Hack.* Elymiis Linu.^

Agropyron Gaertu. ' Asperella Hnmb.*

Tribe XIIL — j:<(iiilni»ea'.

Spikelets two- to niany-flowered (rarely only one-flowered) in
racemes or panicles; empty glumes at the base of the spikelet
two to several: flowering glumes many-nerved, awuless, or very
rarely short-awned; culms woody, at least near the base, and.
perennial; leaf blade usually with a short petiole articulated
with the sheath from which it finally separates.

A comparatively small tribe of twenty-three genera
and about one hundred and eighty-five species. The
sjtecies are confined chiefly to the region within the
Tropi(;s. Many of them are of very great importance to
the natives of the countries where they grow. Manu-
factured articles of bamboo, either of use or for orna-
ment, are now a i)art of the commerce of the world. The
bamboos are remarkable for their woody stems and often
arborescent or tree-like habit of growth, some of the

' Strictly the spike is simplo when the sessile spikelets are one-
flowered, and compound when they are more than one-flowered.

15

species attaining tbe lieiglit of 25 to 30 m. In parts of
India tliey form extensive forests. One species in this
tribe has leaves 2 to 5 m. long by 10 to 25 cm. wide;
another, a Cuban species, has leaves 5 to 8 cm. long and
as fine as a horse hair. Fleshy and edible, apple-like
fruits are borne by some of the species.

Aruudiaaria Michs.

r. L. s.

AMERICAN GRASSES.

(ILLUSTRATED . )
BY F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER.

17
11162— No. 7 2

18

METRIC MEASUREMENTS AND THEIR
ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS.

The metric system adopted iu tliis Biilletiu is now
quite generally employed in botanical and otber scien-
tific publications. For those unfamiliar with this sys-
tem the following expression of equivalents may be
useful :

1 milliiiK-tre (1 mm.)=oue tweuty-fifth of au inch — exactly
0.0394 iiube.

1 ceutimetre (1 cm.)^uearly one-half of au inch ; l()cm. = ;ilioiit
4 inches.

1 il^cimi'tre (1 dm. ) = about 4 inches, or 3 dm.^oue foot.

1 mitre (1 m. ) = about 3 feet 3ii inches — exactly 39.37079 inches.

19

Fig. 1. Tripsacum dactyloides L. Gama-grass. — A stout,
coarse, braucbiiij;- perennial !) to 2i dm. bigli, with lonj^ and rather
l)roa(l leaves and a spicate iuHoresceuce, the spikes being 2 to -4
on the main stem and usually solitary on the branches. — Low
meadows, moist thickets, ditches, etc. ; Ehode Island to Florida,
Kansas, and Texas. [Mexico.] April-October.

20

Fig. 2. Imperata hookeri Kupr. (/. hrerifoUa Vasey ; /. cai((Uita
8cribu. notTriu.); J;eiil, (Tira.ssses N. Am., 2: 22.— A stout, glabrous
pereunial 5 to 12 dm. high, with strong, creeping rootatocks, Hat
leaves, and elongated white-hairy, densely Howered ])anicles. —
Western Texas, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, Southeru California
and southward.

21

Fig. 3. Erianthus compactus Nash iu Bull. Torr. Bot. Club,
22 : 419; Britten aud Brown, 111. FL, 1 : 99. Densely floweued
Plume-grass. — A stout, erect perennial 12 to 24 dm. liigli, with
long, narrow leaves aud densely flowered, oblong, brownish or red-
dish i^anicles 10 to 15 cm. long, the branches spreading in authesis. —

Meadows and swamps, mostly near the coast ; Xew Jersey to Vir-
ginia and Tennessee. August-October.

22

Fig. 4. Erianthus strictus Biililw. ; Beal, Grasses X. Am., 2:
29. — A stout, erect peieiuii;il 12 to 21 dm. liigb, with loug, narrow,
flat leaves and stritt, bearded (with awns), but not hairy, panicles,
20 to 40 cm. long. — River bottoms, Tennessee and Georgia to
Mississippi .'iiid Texas. ."September. October.

23

*^

Fig. 5. Manisuris compressa (L. f.) Kuntze (BottboelUa com-
pressa'L.f.; Hemarthriafasdcidata Kimth). Mat-grass.— A creep-
ing pereunial, with ascending and usually much branched, flat-
tened culms 10 to 14 dm. high, and numerous slender spikes. —
River banks, southwestern Texas. [Tropical and subtropical
regions of both hemispheres.] September.

24

Fig. 6. Hackelochloa gramilaiis (Sw.) Kuiitze (Manisuris
graniilaris 8\v. ; Candiriin (jranuUu-is Linu.) ; Beal, Grasses N. Am.,
2 : 33. LlZARD-TAiL-(;RA.ss. — A much-branched, leal'y annual, 3
to 12 dm. high, with nnmerons slender spikes in irregular, leafy
panicles. — A Aveed iu all tropica! countries, extending northward
into the warmer parts of the .Southern and .Southwestern States.

25

Fig. 7. Elionurus barbiculmis Hack.; Beal, Gr;isses N.Am.,
2 : 37. — A slender, erect perennial 4 to 7 dm. liigli, with very
narrow, filiform, hairy leaves and silky-villous, solitaiy spikes
terminal on the culm or its branches. — Rocky hills and canyons,
western Texas to Arizona. [Northern Mexico.] June-September.

1>»)

Fu;. 8. Audropogou saccharoidestorreyauus vSteud. ^ Hack;
Brittou uiul Rrowu. 1 : 103 (AHdroj>offo>i torreyaiins Steud.>.
Torrky's Sii-VKi: Bkaku-uuass. — A variable uativejiereuuiul 3 to
9 ilui. high, with rather long, usually glaucous, tlat leaves, aud
narrow silvery-bearded jKiuicles. — l»ry prairies aud uiesas. Kan-
sas to Texas. New Mexico, and Nevada. [Mexico.] July-October.

27

Fig. 9. Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B. S. P. {Andropogon
raacrournx Miclix. i. Bi;ofJK-<;i{A>s. — A .stout jiereuuial 6 to 12 diu.
liigb, with (leuse, more or less elongated panicles, the branches
usually very much crowded. — Low grounds and marshes, southern
New York to Florida, southern California and Xevada. [Mexico,
Lower California, Cuba, and .Jamaica. ] .'^epteraber-.January.

28

Fig. 10. Andropogon virginicus L. Broom Sedge. — A
rigidly erect peroniiial 6 to 12 dm. high, Avith the culms llatteiied
near the base, aud narrow, elongated, and loosely lirauched pani-
cles of silky-bearded racemes, for the most part partially inclosed
within smooth, spathe-like bracts. — Old fields and borders of
woods, usually iu dry soil, Massachusetts to Florida aud Texas,
[Cuba.] August-October.

29

C .^■■' • • rv^

Fig. 11. Andropogon argyraeus Schultes. Silvek-heard or
Silvery Beard-grass.— A ratln r slender uutive grass 6 to 9 dm.
high, with narrow leaves and silky-bearded racemes, which are
in pairs, terminal on the culm or its branches.— In dry, sandy
soil in open woods and along thicket borders from Delaware to
Missouri and southward to the Gulf. August-October.

30

Fig. 12. Andropogon elliottii Chapm. Elliott's Bkoom
Sedge. — A slender, upriglit iieieiiniul (! to 9 dm. liigh, the plu-
mose racemes in pairs or ternate autl subtended by conspicuously
inflated upper leaf sheaths. — Dry upland Avoods or low pine bar-
rens, Delaware and J'eunsylvauia to central J'lorida and Texas.
Julv-October.

31

Fig. 13. Andropogou scoparius Michx. Little Blue-stem.—
A rather slender perennial 3 to 9 dm. high, the solitary racemes
terminating the culms and branches. — Dry fields and borders of
woods, New Brunswick westward to the Saskatchewan, southward
to Florida, Texas, .and southern California. [Mexico.] July-
October,

32

Fig. 14. Andropogon provincialis Lam. (A. furcatns Mnhl.)
Big Blue-stem. — A stout perennial (i to 16 <lni. higli, with long
leaves, and rather thick Hpikes 3 to 10 cm. long. — From the Kooky
Mountains eastward to the Atlantic and southward to the Gulf
of Mexico. August-October. Esjiecially abundant and valued
for hay iu the prairie regions.

33

Fig. 15. Andropogon nutans avenaceus (Michx.) Hack.
TxDiAX (Jrass.— A stout perennial 12 to IS dm. liigli, with long
leaf blades, and long, latber dense, usually somewliat nodding
brownish panicles. — Dry fields, glades, and borders of woods,
Ontario to South Dakota and Manitoba, south to Florida, Texas,
and Arizona. [Mexico, Central and South America.] July-October.

11102— No. 7 3

34

•^ h r ^ ^^

Fig. 16. Andropogon unilateralis Hack. ; Beal, Grasses X,
Am., 2:60. {Andropogon seciindna Ell. uot Willil.) Banner
SoRcnuM. — A rather stout perennial, 6 to 12 dm. high, with narrow,
one-sided, mauy-tlowered panicles 18 to 25 cm. long, and long-
awne<l spikelets. — Low pine lauds, South Caroliua, Florida . J uue-
October.

35

Fig. 17. Andropogon paiiciflorus ( Chapm. ) Hack. ; Beal,
Grasses N. Am., 2:61. {Svrtjhuin paiicijionim Chapm.). Few-
flowered Sorghum. — A rather stout, branching, leafy auuual,
6 to 12 dm. high, with t'ew-liowered pauicles and long-awned
spikeiets. — Dry fields, Florida. [Cuba.] October.

36

Fig. 18. Hilaria cenchroides HBK. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am,, 2 :
68. Cheei'ING MKS^iUiTK.— a sleiider, creeping pereimial, with
upright leafy branches 1 to 3 dm. high.— Dry prairies, mesas, and
foothills, Texas to Arizona. [Mexico.] April-October. One of
the most valuable of the native grasses for grazing.

37

Fig. 19. Hilaria mutica (Buckl.) Benth. ; Beal, Grasses N.
Am., 2 : 69. Black Gkam.\.— A smooth, branching perennial 4 to
6 dm. high, with densely flowered, usually straw-colored spikes
about 5 cm. long. — Dry mesas, Texas to southern California.
May-September. Valued for forage, especially for grazing.

38

Fig. 20. Hilaria jamesii (Torr.) Beutli.; Beal, Grasses N. Am.,
2 : 70. Black 1>uncii-(;kas.'^. — A rather coarse, l)rauchiug peren-
nial 3 to 5 dm. high, with erect, often purplish spikes 5 to 8 cm.
long. — Mesas and table-lands of southern Colorado and Utah to
New Mexico and southern California. March-July, A A'aluable
hay or i>a8ture grass.

39

Fig. 21. Hilaria rigida (Tliiirb.) Vasey; Beal, Grasses N. Am.,
2: 68. {I'leuruphis rigida Thurb.) Galleta. — A coarse, much-
branched, and woody perennial 6 dm. high, growing in great
chimps, somewhat resembling dwarf bamboos in habit — Deserts,
southern Utah to Arizona and southern California. [Lower Cali-
fornia.] May-July.

40

Fig. 22. Reimaria oligostachya Mnnro in Benth. .Jonrn. T.inn.
Soc; Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2: 80. Crekpixi; Reim.\hi.\.— Au
extensively creeping perennial, with tl.at leaves and upriglit tlow-
eriug branches 2 to 4 dm. high, bearing two to four spikes 4 to 7
cm. long.— Ditches and brackish river shores, often in w.iter,
eastern Florida. [Cuba.] April-September.

41

Fig. 23. Paspalum paspaloides (Michx.) Scribn. {l\ elUnttii
S.Wats.; r. (UnHaria Poir. ). Elliott's Pa.spalum.— A soft per-
ennial grass 5 to 8 dm. high, geniculate and more or less creeping
at the base, with rather broad, flat leaves and slender spikes,
which are usually in pairs. — Borders of ponds and ditches and in
low piue barrens near the coast, Maryland to Texas. April-August.

42

Fig. 24. Paspalum compressum (Sw.) Nees. (P. plaiycauU
Poir.j. Lduisiaxa or Cakpet-grass. — A slender, erect, or more
frecjuently prostrate and extensively creeping perennial, rooting
at the nodes and sending \\\t numerous leafy or flower-bearing
branches 1..") to 6 dm. high, with 2 to ti subdigitate slender spikes
and small, acntish spikelets. — Low ground and moist pastures,
abundant near the coast from Virginia to Texas. [Mexico, Central
and South America, and West Indies.] April-October. A valuable
jiasture grass.

43

Fig. 25. Paspalum distichum L. Kxot-ghass. — A low, creep-
ing, somewhat succulent perennial, with flat leaves and two
spikes at the apex of the; uprisjht flower-bearing branches, which
are 1 to 3 dm. high. Habit of growth resembling Bermuda-
grass. — Ditches and muddy or sandy shores, Virginia and Missouri
to Florida, Texas, and southern California; northward on the
Pacific Coast to Oregon. [Widely distributed in tropical and
subtropical regions.] April-October.

44

Fig. 26. Paspalum setaceum Michx. Slender Paspalum. —
A slender, erect, or asceudtiiy iiati\e perennial, usually al)ont 6
dm. liigb, with flat, often hairy leaves, and slender, small-flowered
spikes. — Dry, sandy fields and pine barrens, Massachusetts to
northeastern Nebraska, Texas and Florida. April-October.

45

Fig. 27. Paspalum laeve Michx. Smooth Paspalu.m. — Peren-
nial, witli iiseeudiug culms, often geniculate at base, 3 to 9 dm.
high, with smooth or pilose leaf sheaths and blades, and 3 to 7
spreading spikes 5 to 10 cm. long. Low, often wet, ground, Rhode
Island to Florida, eastern Texas and Missotiri. .Tune-October.

46

Fig. 28. Paspalum plicatulum Micbx.; Beal, Grasses X. Am.,
2: 90. Wkixkle-i'lowered Paspalum. — Au erect or ascending
perennial 3 to 6 dm. high, with smooth or flat leaves and 5 to 7
rather densely flowered racemes. The second glume is usually
plicate or wrinkled. — Dry lields and open pine woods, Georgia
and Florida to Texas. [Mexico, Central and Sontli America, and
West Indies.] April-October.

47

Fig. 2!». Paspalum difforme Le Coute; Vasey Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila. 1886, 286. — X stout peiennial, from creeping rootstocks.
Allied to r. fforidaniim, but less robust, witli shorter leaves and
spikes. — Dry piue barrens uear the coast, North Carolina to Horida
and westward to Texas. June-October,

i^

Vui. 30. Paspalum flondanum Micbx. VutHiDA J'A^FAM■M. —
A i»t'»at. «r<-<.t j^rawH i* to 12 dm. )ji;:Ij. oft«ij glancoiis. with long
leave*, wiiuit^th or villouM Hbeatlji aii<i bla<le»«, and large Hpikdets.
I>ry or moist low grouii<l, Delaware to f'lorida, 'J"exat», KeiJtu<-ky,
and ludiaii TttriUtry . J aDe^-Octol^r.

49

Fi<i.:fl. Pa«paluin dilatatiim I'oir. ( /'. oralum^ww). Laikjic
Watku-<;I{AS8. — A Hoiiiowlmt coiUMc, Icily ixTfiinial, t^rowiiifi in
cliim|(H (I to ir» dm. Iii^li, lioiirint; 2 to 10 moio or hws H|in'!i(liii);
rjiciiiKH oC liair.v H|)ilu!l(>tH. - In iiickIowh, wiihIo ^jroiin<l, hikI
.iloiij; (litcliiiH, HoiitlusiiHterii Virginia to I'ioiiiiii, wuHt to 'I'oxuh;
;il)piir(!iili\ iiiitiiriilizod. |Soiitli Aiiii'iira. f .lnly-UctohiM'.
llUi'J— No. 7 1

50

Fig. 32. Amphicaipon purshii Kiiuth. PuKsiis Ampiih ah-
pox.— Au erect, tufted perennial 3 to 12 dm. high, with hispid
sheaths and leaves and contracted panicles. Fertile spil^i'lets sol-
itary and suhterranean. — Pine barrens and cranberry bogs near
the coast, New .Jersey. Angust, 8ei)teniber.

51

Fig. 33. Amphicarpon floridanum Chapm.; Beal, Grasses N.
Am., 2: 100. Floi:id.\ Ampiiicarpox. — A pale-green, smooth
perennial 3 to 9 dm. high, from creeping rootstocks, with flat
leaves and narrow panicles 10 to 20 cm. long. Fertile spikelets on
subterranean branches. — Moist pine banens and sandy shores,
Florida (throughout the State). July-September.

52

Fig. 34. Eriochloa mollis (Midix.) Kniith. ( Panioim moUe
Miclix.), Beal, Gnisses X. Am., 2: 102. Soft Wool-gkass.— A
perennial 10 to 20 dm. liigli, with lonji;, Hat leaves and open
panicles of numerous, more ov less spreading racemes 3 to 6 cm.
long. — Brackish marshes .lud shores. South Carolina to Florida.
A2iril-Scj)tcmlMM'.

53

Fig. 35. Eriochloa punctata (L.) W. Hamilt. Everlasting-
GRASS. — Arapid-gTowiug, smooth and somewhat succulent peren-
nial, with more or less branching culms 6 to 12 dm. high, flat
leaves aud narrow panicles 5 to 10 cm. long. — Low, rich land,
moist soil, prairies, etc., Kansas to Texas and Arizona. [Troiiical
America, Asia, and Australia.] June-September.

54

Fig. 36. Eriochloa lenimoni Vasey &- Scribn. ; Beal, Grasses N.
Am., 2 : 101. Lemmon's Wool-grass. — A softly pubescent pereu-
uial 3 to 6 dm. high, with rather broad leaves and a short panicle
com])osed of about (5 spreadinjj sjtikes 2 to 3 cm. long. — Ai'izoua.
[Xorthern Mexico. J August-November.

55

Fig. 37. Panicum lineare Krock (Panicum glabrnm Gaud.;
Synthcrisma linearis Nash). Smooth Crab-grass. — A sleuder,
glabrous annual 1.5 to 3.5 dm. high, with culms which are much
branched below, Hat leaves, and 2 to 6 slender diverging spikes. —
Naturalized in waste and cultivated land ; Nova Scotia to Ontario
and South Dakota, soutli to Florida and Texas. [Europe. ]
October.

August-

56

Fig. 38. Panicum serotinum (Walt.) Trin. (Syntherisma iero-
tina AValt.; Dii/itaria serol'nni Mx.). Litti.k Ci!AH-(;kass. — An
oxteusively ciecpiiij; annual or bieunial, with Hat, hairy leaves,
and slender spikes digitate at the apex of the ascending culms,
which are 1 to 3 dm. high. — Low, sandy ground, roadsides, pas-
tures, and cultivated fields near the coast, Dtdaware to Missis-
sippi; on ballast at Philadelphia. June-August.

57

Fig. 39. Panicum gracillimuni Scribu. ; liull. Torr. Bot. Club,
23 : 146. Slender Panicum. — A slender perennial 3 to 9 dm.
high, with very narrow, elongated leaves and small, glabrous
spikelets, racemose along the main axis and its branches, which
are ajiproxiniate near the apex of the cuhn. Outer glumes gla-
brous. — High pine lands, Lake County, Florida. (1192, Nash.)
Julv.

58

Fig. 40. Panicum phaeothrix Trin. Sp. Gram. Icon. 91. SiL-
VEKY Paxic-grass. — A sleiiiler perennial about 9 dm. high, with
Ions, narrow leaves and very slender, rather looselv flowered
racemes 10 to 20 cm. long, approximate near the apex of the
culm. Outer glumes densely hairy. — High pine lands. Florida.
(Xash. 1155.) [Brazil.] July.

5y

Fig. 41. Panicum paspaloides Per?. : Beal. Gra-;se> X. Am.. 2 :
114. SorTHEitN Watekm.uass. — A rather stout, smooth., and luore
or less brancbiuii perennial 6 to H tlm. biiih. oft^n creeping at the
base, with long, flat leaves, and ten to twenty alternate, one-sided
spikes 2 to 3 vm. long. — About pouds and in standing water, south-
ern Florida : Texas. [In tropical countries of both hemispheres.]
Mav-Jnlv.

60

Fig. 42. Panicum lanatum Rottb. (P. hucojjha'um HBK.);
Be:il, Grasses N. Am., 2: HI. Cottox (;u.\ss. — A rather stout,
more or less braiichiiij? leafy ]iereiiiiial 6 to 12 dm. hij^li, with
narrow, soft-liairv panicles. — Ciiltix attil jrround, river liauks, aud
coral .soil on keys, (ciitral and southern Florida; on ballast at
Mobile, Ala. [Widely distributed in troi>ical America; Australia;
Africa.] May-October.

61

0/ h

Fig. 43. Panicuni grossarium L. ; Beal, Grasses N. Aiu., 2 :
116. Jamaica Ckab-guass. — Apparently an annual, with niucb-
brancbed, ascending culms 3 to 6 dm. long, broad, lanceolate leaves
and spreading panicles of a few simple racemes of glabrous spike-
lets. — Ballast gi'ound, Philadelpbia. Adventive. [West Indies.]
September. Cultivated in grass garden, and apparently valuable.

62

Fici. 41. Panicuin texanum Hnckl.; Real, Grasses \. Am.,
2: 117. Tkxas Millet.— A branchiug, leafy auunal 6 to 11' dm.
hij^h, with flat leaves an<l narrow ])anicles 1.5 to 2 dm. long.-
Texas. .Sept(;mber.

63

Fig. 45. Pauicum obtusuin HBK.; Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2:
115. Vine Mesquite grass. — Stolouilerons perennial, the runners
often 24 to 30 dm. long; the upright flowering branches 3 to G dm.
high. Panicle of three to five erect racemes, bearing rather large
obtuse spikelets. — Irrigated lands, low valleys, chiefly in the shade
of trees and shrubs, Kansas and Colorado to Texas, New Mexico,
Arizona, and southward. June-September.

64

Fig. 46. PanicunistenodesGriseb. (P. ancrpsstrictum Chapra.);
Beal, GiassL-s N. Am., 2: 126. SMAi.L-.roiNTEi) PANit-GKASs. — A
slender, ere<t, glabrous perennial, with wiry stems 5 to 8 dm. high,
rigid, liivoliitB leaves, and narrow, simple ]iauiclfs 4 to 8 cm.
long. — Moist, sandy pine barrens near the coast, Florida to Texas.
[Cuba and San Domingo.] July-Oitober.

65

Fig. 47. Panicum gibbum Ell. Gibbous Panic-gkass.— A
stolouiferous, branchiun perennial 3 to 9 dm. high, with narrowly
lanceolate, flat leaves, and densely flowered spike-like panicles 10
to 1.5 cm. long.— Low. wet groiuuls, Virginia to Florida, Tennes-
see. Louisiana, and Indian Territory. [Cuba, j .June-October.
11162— No. 7 5

66

Fig. 48. Panicum melicarium Michx. (P. hiatis Ell.); Beal,
Grasses N. Am., 2 : 127.— A smooth, sleuder, usually erect peieu-
uial 2 to 5 dm. high, with narrow, flat leaves and simple, open
panicles G to 15 cm. long. — Moist jiine barrens and marshes.
North Carolina to Florida, Missouri, Indian Territory, and Texas.
March-October.

67

Fig. 49. Pauicum verrucosum Muhl. Warty Pank -grass. —
A sleuder, branching perennial, with flat leaves and few-tiowered
spreadinj^ panicles 7.5 to 20 cm. lon<i. — Low, rich woodlands,
mostly near the coast. New Enghmd to Florida, west to Tennessee
and Louisiana. May-October.

68

Fig. 50. Panicum filipes Scribn. in Heller, Coutrib. Herb.
Franklin & Marshall Coll., 1 : 13 (1895).— A slender, uioro or less
branching and leafy, glaucous annu.d (?) 3 to 7 dm. high, with
rather long. Hat leaves and ditlnse capillary panicles 15 to 30 cm.
long. — Dry grounds, western Texas and (?) Mexico. May-July.

69

Fig. 51. Panicum prollferum Lam. Sprouting Crah-grass.—
A smooth and usually much-branched, uative annual, with rather
loarse, spreadinji, or ascending stems 6 to 18 dm. long, flat leaves
and diffuse terminal and lateral panicles. — Low ground, ditches,
etc., Maine to Illinois and Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas.
[Cuba]. March-October.

70

Fig. 52. Panicum repens L. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 : 127.
Cheeping 1'amc. — Au extensively cree])inji;, maritime grass, with
rather stiti leaves and rigirl, upright, flowering stems or branches
2 to 5 dm. high. — Sea beaches, sonthern Alabama to Louisiana.
[Tropical and subtropu^Tl coasts of both hemispheres.] A good
eand-bioder.

71

Fig. 53. Panicum anceps Michx. Flat-stemmed Panic. —
A rather stout perennial, with flattened stems 6 to 12 dm. high,
long leaves, smooth or pilose sheaths, spreading panicles and
pointed spikelets. — Low woods and thickets, marshes and banks
of streams, Pennsylvania to Illinois, Missouri, Indian Territory,
Texas, and Florida. .July-October.

72

Fig. 54. Panicum virgatum L. Switch-gkass. — A stout, erect
pereuuial 9 to 15 dm. high, usually forming large tufts, with
strong, creeping rootstocks, long, flat leaves, and ani])]e, spreading
panicles. — Sandy soil, usually along streams and about ponds and
lakes, Maine and Ontario to North Dakota, Colorado, Arizona,
Texas, and Florida. [Mexicc).] .luly-Oetober.

73

Fig. 55. Panicum amarum Ell. Bitter Panic-ghass. — A stout,
coaise perennials to 12 dm. high, from strong, creeping rootstotks,
with rather long (30 to 40 cm.), rigid leaves and many-flowered,
open panicles 10 to 30 cm. long. — Sandy beaches, coast of sontheru
New England to southern Florida. July-No\ ember. A good sand
binder.

74

Kic. 56. Panicum bulbosum HBK.; Btal, Grasses N. Am.,
2 : 131. Alkali Saccatonk.— A stout, glabrous perennial 9 to 12
dm. high, from a bulbous base, with flat leaves and usually ample
panicles 20 to 40 cm. long. — In canyons. Texas to Arizona. [.Mex-
ico.] J une-.Septembcr. A valuable hay grass for alkaline soils.

75

Fig. 57. Panicum sphaerocarpon KU. ; Brittoii and Brown,
111. Fl., 1: 116. Round-flowered Panic. — A tufted, erect, or
ascending perennial 25 to tiO cm. high, with rather Lroad, firm,
and nearly erect leaf blades, diffuse niauy-tlowered panicles and
small, rounded spikelets. — Dry or moist woods and fields, Maine
to southern Ontario, Wisconsin, Indian Territory, Texas, and
Florida. [Mexico and Guatemala.] May-October.

7(j

Fig. 58. Panicum boreale Nash; Britton and Brown, III. Fl.,
1: lift. KoKTiiKKN I'axu -tiKAss. — All elect, ihially braiicliiug
perennial 3 to 6 dm. liigli, with Hat leaves and open, spreading
2)anicles 4 to 8 cm. long. — Damp soil, Newfonudland and Ontario
to Maine, New York, and Minnesota. June-August.

77

Fig. 59. Panicum barbulatum Michx. Bearded-joint.—
Cnlius 3 to 9 dm. liiffh, linally niiich-liiaiicbed, slender, smooth,
except tbe nodes, which arc conspicuously barbed with redexed,
white hairs, panicle ovate-pyramidal, spikelets numerous, small. —
Bogs, wet meadows, and low woodlands, southern New York to
Illinois, Florida, and New Mexico.

78

Fig. 60. Panicum columbianum Scribn. sp. iiov. American
PANic-(iHASs. — A slender, erect, imich-hrauched, jiiibesceut or gla-
brous pereuuial, with short (usually 3 to 4 cm. long), lanceolate,
ascending, acute leaves, and siuall-llowered, dittuse, oblong or
subpyraniidal panicles. Spike-lets about '2 niui. loug. Hrauches
linally erect, numerous, flower-bearing. — Dry, sandy fields, mead-
ows, and o]>en woodlands. New England soutliward to the ("aro-
liuas, and westward to Teuuessee and Alabanui, mostly near the
coast; also in California. .hine-August.

79

Fig. 61. Panicum nashiauiim Scribn. sp. nov. (allied to P.
demi8sttm Trin.). Nash's Paxic-ghass. — A slender and finally
mnch-l>ranched, leafy perennial 1 to 3.5 dm. high, -with Hat and
rather short leaves, which are ciliate on the margins toward the
base, and open pyramidal panicles, the flexnose branches widely
spreading or reflexed. (4,029 Curtiss (1893). and 466 Nash (1894).)—
Low pine barrens, often in moist ground, near the coast, Virginia
to Mississippi. [Brazil.] March-October.

80

^e^

Fig. 62, Panicum longipedunculatum Scri1>n. ; Bull. Tpdti.
Agr. Exp. Station, MI, i : 53. Loxij-stalked Panu.— Asli-iider,
ca'spitose perenuial 1.5 to '^ dm. liigli. with short, chiefly radical,
pilose leaves and diffuse, sniall-lio\v«Mt'd, long-exsertod, hairy
panicles. — Dry or moist pine barrens aud ilainp woods, api>arently
rare, eastern Tennessee to eastern Nortli Carolina and Florida.
May-August.

81

Fig. 63, Panicvim colonuna L. Jungle Eice.— An erect or
ascending, more or less branching- annnal 3 to 6 dm. high, wiht
flat leaves and five to ten, densely flowered, one-sided spikes,
1 to 3 cm. long, racemose along the main axis, — Ditches and low
gronnd, Southeastern Virginia and Tennessee to Florida, Texas, and
southern California. [Widely distributed in tropical and sub-
tropical regions of the Old World.] June-October.
11162— No. 7 6

82

Fig. 64. Panicum crus-galli L. Barnyard-grass. — A coarse,
ascendiug or erect, leafy aunual :i to 1") dm. high, with dense i)aui-
cles and with the third glume awnless to loug-awued. — Almost
everywhere iu the United States in barnyards, waste ground, and
river banks. Throughout tin; warmer regions of both hemis-
pheres. Flowers all summer.

83

Fig. 65. Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn. (Panicum rirUle L..
Setarid viridis Beauv.). Greex Foxtail. — A brauching, leafy
aunual 3 to 6 dm. bigb, with bristly, densely many-flowered,
spike-like panicles 5 to 10 cm. long. Bristles usuallj^ green and
spikelets smaller tban in Yellow Foxtail (Clurtochloa (jlanca). — A
weed in cultivated and waste grounds ; naturalized from Europe.
June-October.

84

Fig. 66. Chaetochloa corrugata (Ell.) ^crilm. (Patiiciim vorrn-
(/atiim Ell.; Setitria corrugata Scbult.). RortiH Foxtail. — \
rather sleiulcr annual 3 to 9 dm. liigli, usually niueh hranchttl
below, with Hat leaves and bristly, spike-like ]>anicle8 3 to 10 cm.
lonji. — X'sually in cultivated land, fieorgia and Floiidii. May-
October.

85

Fig. 67. Chaetochloa composita Scribu. {Setaria composita
HBK.?). Branchixg Foxtail. — A stout perennial 6 to 12 ilm.
high, with broad, flat leaves, and. branching, bristly panicles 10 to
25 cm. long. Spikelets 3 mm. long ; second glume one-third shorter
than the fourth. (No. 3617, A. H. Curtiss.)— Shell islands and keys,
sometimes in old pineapple fields, southern Florida. [West Indies.]
July-October.

86

^vs.

Fig. 68. Cheetochloa italica (L.) Scril)n. (Setai-ia italica
B«anv.). Italian Millet or HrNGARiAN-(iKA.ss.— A stout ami
rai)i(lly growing leafy animal 10 to 24 dm. high, with large com-
pound, nodding, bristly, and nearly cylindrical ])anicles 1?0 to 40
cm. long — In cultivated and wastti land, escajted from cultivation
or adventivc here and there throughout the country. [Europe,
Asia.] July, August.

87

Fig. 69. Cenchrus tribuloides L. Sand Bru. — An annual,
with spreading or ascending, much-branched, compressed culms
usually about 3 dm. high, and terminal racemes, of 6 to 20 bur-
like iuvohicres. — Sandy lields, waste ground, river banks, and sea
beaches, Maine and Ontario to South Dakota and Colorado, south
to Florida and southern California. [Mexico and South America.]
June-October.

88

Fio. 70. Ceiichrus myosuroides ITRK. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am.,
2 : KjO. Long-si'IKed Biii-(;i:A.s.s.— A stout perennial 6 to 8 dm.
high, more or less branching and geniculate below, with Hat
leaves and long, cj-liudrical spikes 12 to 20 cm. long.— Waste
ground, introduced; southern Florida to Texas. [Mexico, South
America.) August-January.

89

Fig. 71. Pennisetum setosum (Sw.) Rich.; Beal, Grasses N.
Am., 2 : 166.— A stout, branching perennial 9 to 12 dm. high, with
flat leaves and dense, bristly, cylindrical spikes 10 to 15 cm.
long. — Southern Florida. [Widely distributed in tropical coun-
tries.] September.

90

Fig. 72. Stenotaphruni secuiidatum ( Walt.) Knntze (Ischw-
mum svcuudatidit, Walt.; Stenotaphriim amcricamim Schrank.).
Mis.siON-c.iiAss. — Extensively creepiug perennial, with hard, flat
stems, rather broad leaves, and npri.nht, lloweriuy stems 1.5 to 3
dm. high. — Muddy or moist sandy shores and marshes along the
cojist, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. [\\i<lel,v distrib-
uted in tropical Ameri<;a and the l*atiHcishin<l8.] Ajiril-C )ctober.

91

Fit;. 73. Luziola alabameusis f'hapm. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am.,
2 : 172. — An aquatic, stoloiiiferons grass, the npriglit culms 0..5 to
1.5 dm. high, with loui;', ntirrow leaves and the staminate and
pistillate spikelets in separate panicles. — In springy places and
rivulets in the pine barrens, sontheru Alabama [Cuba.] June-
October.

92

Fig. 74. Homalocenchruslenticularis (Michx.) Scribn. (Leersia
lentictilaris Michx.). Catch-i'ly-gkass. — A rather stout, branch-
ing perennial 6 to 12 dm. high, with widely spreading, broad leaf
blades, diflfuse panicles, and large, ciliate spikelets. — Marshes and
wet thickets, near tlie coast, Virginia to Texas, and in the Missis-
sippi Valley from soutlieru Illinois and Missouri to Louisiana.
August, September.

93

Fig. 75. Homalocenchrus hexandrus (Sw.) Britton; Beal
Grasses N. Am., 1: 179 (Leeraia hexandra Sw.). — A rather slender,
usually erect, branchinjif grass 6 to 12 dm. liigh, with narrow,
many-flowered panicles 10 to 15 cm. long. — In swamps and
ditches near the coast, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. [In
all tropical and many subtropical countries.] May-September.

;u

U "AVC^

Fig. 76. Homalocenchms oryzcides >w. Poll. (I.etrsia ory-
:oide* Sw. ) ; Britton aud Brown. 111. Fl., 1 : 129. Kick Cit-orass. —
A rather stout. rougL, and maoh-branched grass 6 to 12 dm. high,
with opeu. pale-gre«D or straw-coloreil panicles 12 to 2."> cm. long. —
Along streams and ditches and in marsbes, nsually in the open.
Nova Scotia and Ontario to W;isliington, Florida, and Texas.
[Enrope and Asia.] Aagust-OctoV»er.

95

Fig. 77. Homalocenchrus virginicus (Willd.j Britton, (Leer-
8ia viryinica Willd.j. White-gkas.s. — A slender, erect, or ascend-
ing, usually much-branched, perennial 6 to 1^ dm. high, with
narrow leaves and simple panicles 8 to 12 cm. long. — Moist thick-
ets and low woods, nsually along streams, Maine and Ontario to
South Dakota, southward to Florida, and Texas. May-October.

96

Fio. 78. Homalocenchrus monandrus (Sw.) Britton (Leersia
vionandra Sw.); Beal, (irasses N. Am., 2: 179. Slender Cut-
grass. — A slender, sparingly branched grass with somewhat wiry
culms 3 to (i dm. high, and usually glaucous leaves. — Keys of
south Florida (in coral soil) and in southern Texas. [Mexico,
West Indies, and South America.] February -May.

97

Fig. 79. Phalaris amethystina Trin, ; Beal. Grasses N. Am., 2 :
183. Purple Canaky-grass. — A stout annual 4 to 9 dm. hiarh,
with broad, flat leaves, and ovoid or oblong, densely-flowered ter-
minal panicles. — Oregon to California and southward to Chile.
June.

11162— No. 7 7

98

Fig. 80. Phalaris caroliniana Walt. (/'. intermedia Bosc).
SouTHERX Canary-gkass. — A comparatively sleuder species 3 to
6 (Ira. liigli, with rather short, Hat leaves, and ()V(>i(l, densely flow-
ered, capitate panicles 2 to .5 cm. lonjr. — Kiver bottoms and wet
places, South Carolina to Indian Territory, Texas, Nevada, Cali-
fornia, and Oregon. April.

99

Fk;. 81. Phalaris angusta Nees (P. intermedia artgiista Chapm. ).
Califokma Timothy. — A stout grass 6 to 14 dm. high, with nar-
row, densely flowered, spike-like panicles 6 to 12 cm. long. — In
wet places, South Carolina and Louisiana to southern California.
[South America.] May. Cultivated to a limited extent in the
Southern States.

100

Fig. S'2. Anthoxantliiiin odoratum 1- Sweet Verxax-
GKASS. — A sweet-scentetl grass, with slender, erect, tufted culms,
flat leaf-blades and narrow, spike-like terminal panicles, — Abun-
dantly naturali/ed in lawns, fields, and waysides from Newfound-
land and Ontario to North Carolina and Tennessee. [Europe,
northwestern Asia, and northern Africa.] May-September.

101

Fig. S3. Savastana odorata (L.) Scribn. (Hierochloe bore^lis
E. d: >. . Vasj U-A-QHA.--B. — A slender, sweet-eeented, stoloniferous
perennial 3 to G dui. high, •with i<hort culm-leaves and hrownii^h,
open jjaaicles. The flat leaves of the sterile shoots are 1 to 3 dm.
long. — Newfoundland and New Brunswick to southern New York,
■west to Minnesota and Iowa : in the Kockies from British America
south to Arizona and Mexico; Alaska southward in the mountains
to Oregon. [Cooler temperate retrions and high mountains of
both hemispheres.] April-August.

102

^s,^

Fig. 81. Savastana macrophylla (Thurb.) (IJierochloiJ macro-
phylla Thurb.); Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2:187. Large-leafed
Vanili.a-guass. — A rather stout, native perennial 6 to 10 dm.
liifjh, with long and broad leaves and loosely flowered ]>aiiieles,
usually about 4 iuihes long. — Coniferous woods, California and

Oregon.

'arch-May.

103

Fig. 85. Aristida striata Miclix. Wire-hrass. — A rigid, erect
wiry perennial 6 to 12 dm. high, with narrow, involute leaves and
strict, spike-like panicles about 30 cm. long. — Dry pine barrens
near the coast, Virginia ( ?) and Xorth Carolina to Mississippi, often
covering extensive tracts and forming the bulk of the pasturage.
.July-October.

Fig. 86. Aristida palustris (Chapni.) Vasey (J. virfjata jJahis-
/»•(■« Cbapin. )• Swamp Povkrty-grass.— An iiprigbt, rigid peren-
nial 6 to 15 dm. higli, with long, narrow leaves, and slender,
interrupted, spicate iianiclcs 30 to 70 cm. long.— Moist jdaces near
the coast in the pine barrens, South Carolina to Texas. [Cuba.]
August-October.

105

Fig. 87. Aristida gossypina Bosc (A. lanata Poir.)- Wooly
Poverty-grass. — A rather stout perennial, witli simple stems
6 to 12 dm. high, and narrow ])anicles 30 to 60 cm. long. Lower
sheaths usually wooly. — Dry pine barrens, mostly near the coast,
Delaware to Texas and Indian Territory. September-November.

106

Fig. 88. Aristida tuberculosa Nutt. Long-awned Poverty-
grass.— A rigid, iiiuch-l>raiicbed perennial 3 to 4.5 dm. high, with
nearly simple panicles 10 to 18 cm. long. The widely spread-
ing, nearly equal awns 3 to 4 em. long.— Dry, sandy soil, near
the coast, Massachusetts to Mississippi; also in Illinois, Wisconsin,
and Minnesota. August-October.

107

Fig. 89. Stipa spartea Trin. Porcupine-grass. — A stout, ere< t
perennial, with simple culms G to 10 dm. high, long, narrow leaveb
and few-flowered panicles. The strong, twisted awns are 8 to 15
cm. long, and at the base of the flowering glume is a long, pointed,
and bearded callus. — Prairies, Illinois to Colorado, north to Mani-

toba and British Columbia.

June-August.

108

Fig. 90. Stipa kingii Bolaud. {Oriizopsis kitigii Beal, Grasses N.
Am., 2: 229).— A sleuder, erect, cu'spitose perennial 2 to 4 dm.
high, with involute, filiform leaves and contracted panicles « to
12 cm. long. Awns scabrous.— California and ( ?) Nevada.

109

Fig. 91. Stipa mougolica Triii. ; Beal. Grasses X. Am., 2 : 227
(sub Ori/zopsis). — A slentler, deusely tufted pereunial about 3 dm.
high, with short, setaceous leaves and loosely few-flowered pan-
icles. Awus plumose. — Mountains of Colorado. [Eastern Asia.]

110

Fig. 92. Oryzopsis nielanocarpa Miibl. Black Mountain
Kick. — A rather stout, Ion;;- and hroad-leafed i)ereiiiiial 3 to Odin,
hifili, with narrow, 8iiii])le]>aniclesof afew, large spikelets. — Open
rocky woods, sometimes on cliirs, Qne))ec and Ontario to Dela-
ware, Kentucky, Missouri, and Minnesota. July-September.

Ill

Fig. 93. Oryzopsis asperifoiia Miclix. White Mountain
Rice. — A sleuder perennial 1.5 to .5 dm. high, with narrow. 8imi)le
panicles 6 to 10 cm. long. The basal leaves, which arc 5 to 7 mm.
wide, often overtop the culm. — Woods, Newfoundland, Massachu.
setts and New .Jersey, to Minnesota and British Columbia, and
southward in the Rockies to New Mexico. April-.Tuly.

112

Fig. 94. Oryzopsis fimbriata (HBK.) Hemsl. ; Beal, Grasses
N. Am., 2 : 231. — A. sleuder, tufted perennial 5 to 8 dm. liigli, with
very narrow, involute Ic^aves and loosely flowered panicles 10 to
13 cm. long. — In canyons and under limestone clifl's, mountains of
western Texas to California. [Mexico and Lower California.]
July-September.

Fig. 95. Oryzopsis exigua Thurb.; Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2:
LiTTLK MoTXTAix RiCE. — A slender native perennial 1.5 to

227.

3 dm. high, with filiform leaves, and narrow, simple, few-llowered
panicles 2 to 5 <m. long. — Among rocks in canyons and on moun-
tain tops, Montana and Wyoming to Utah, Oregon, and Washing-
ton. .Tnne-August.

11162— No. 7 8

lU

Fig. 96. Oryzopsis micrantha (Triii. & Eupr.) Tliurb. Small-
flowered Mountain Eice. — A slender, erect perennial, usually
about 6 <lm. liigh, witli narrow leaves and sraall-llowered, open
panicles 8 to 16 cm. lony. — Woods, river blufts, and mountain
sides. South Dakota to Nebraska, Colorado, New Mexico, and
Arizona. Juue-August.

llf)

Fig. 97. Eiiocoma cuspidata Nntt. {Sfipa membranacea'PxiTsh,
iiotLiuD. ; Oryzopais niemhranactay .). Indian Millet. — A native
perennial, growing in bundles 3 to 7 dm. liigli, with narrow,
involute leaves and peculiarly branched, diffuse i)anicles 12 to 15
cm. long. — Grassy slopes, drj' hillsides, sandy river banks, about
spring's in deserts, in cultivated fields, etc., South Dakota to New
Mexico, California, and British Columbia. [Mexico.] May-Sep-
tember.

116

Fig. 98. Milium efFusum L. Wild ]\Iii,lkt. — A pale-green
pereunial. with simple culms 6 to 14 dm. high, broad, flat, .spread-
ing leaves and ditinse panicles 15 to 18 cm. long. — Woods and
ravines, Cape Breton Island to western Ontario, Pennsylvania,
Michigan, and Minnesota. [Europe, Asia.] June, July.

117

Fig. 99. Muhlenbergia diffusa Schreb. Nimble Will. — Alow,
sleuder perennial, with ascending, much-branched wiry culms 3 to
6 dm. long, Hat leaf-blades and narrow, rather densely flowered
panicles. — In shade in thickets, borders of woods, waste ground
about dwellings, etc , Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, Kansas,
Texas, and Florida. [Mexico ( ?)] August-January (in Louisiana).

118

Fig. 100. Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. Mexican Drop-
seed. — Au miright or usceudiug, ii.sually ruuch-hrancbed perennial
3 to 9 dm. bigh, witli a scaly, creeping rootstock, numerous, Hat
leaf blades and contracted, densely flowered panicles. — Sandy or
rocky banks of streams and low thickets, Xew Brunswick and
Ontario to North Carolina, Indian Territory, and South Dakota.

119

Fig. 101. Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) B. S. P. {M. u-Ulde-
norii Triu.). Slender-i-i.owerkd Dropseed. — An erect, simple
or sparingly branched perennial 3 to 9 dm. high, with creeping,
scaly rootstocks, flat leaf blades and rather few-flowered, linear
panicles. — Rocky woods, Massachnsetts to Ontario, Minnesota,
Texas, Alabama, and Virginia. August, September.

120

Fig. 102. Muhlenbergia sylvatica Ton. Woodland Dhop-
SKED. — A perennial, usually much-branched grass 6 to 9 dm. high,
with strong, scaly rootstocks, Hat leaves and narrow, densely
flowered panicles 5 to 15 cm. long. — In rocky woods, aud wooded
banks of streams, New Brunswick and Ontario to North Carolina,
Tennessee, Texas, Kansas, and Minnesota. August-October.

121

Fig. 103. Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P.; Britton
and Brown 111. Fl., 1 : 143 ( Al. (/lomcrata Trin. ). Wild Timothy.—
A rather .stout, upright pereimial, with very tough and densely
scaly rootstocks, nearly simple culms 6 to 9 dm. high, aud densely
flowered, narrow panicles 5 to 10 cm. long. — Moist meadows and
low grounds, Newfoundland to New Jersey, Missouri, Arizona,
and British Columbia. June-September.

122

Fig. 104. Muhlenbergia priuglei Scribn. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am.,
2 : 257. — An erect, densely ca'spitose, wiry perennial, with simple
culms 3 to 4 dm. hij^h, involute-tiliform leaves and slender, con-
tracted, often purplish panicles 6 to 10 ciii. long. — Canyons, basins,
and shaded ledges, mountains of New Mexico and Arizona.
[Mexico.] May-Beptember

123

FiCt. 105. Muhlenbergia porteri Scribn. in Beal, Grasses N. Am.,
2 : 259 {M. iexana Thurb. not IJuckleyj. — A much-branched native
perennial, with slender, somewhat wiry stems 3 to 6 dm. long,
rather short, narrow heaves, and diffuse panicles. Valuable for
grazing and for hay. — Dry mesas and table-lands, Texas to Ari-
zona, Nevada, and California. [Mexico.] August, September.

124

Fig. 106. Muhlenbergia gracillima 'J'orr. ; Real, Grasses N. Am.,
2: 261. — A densely tufted perennial, with slender culms 2 to I dm.
bigb, numerous involute basal leaves and open capillary i)aiii-
cles 10 to 15 cm. long. — Dry plains, Kansas to Colorado, Texas, and
Arizona. July-October.

125

\

Fig. 107. Muhlenbergia pungens Thiub. ; Britton and Brown,
111. FL, 1 : 146. — A rigid, native perennial 3 to 4.5 dm. high,
with tirui, sharp-poiuted leaves and open X'^ui'les about 15 <m.
long. — Dry soil, sand hills and plains, Nebraska to Utah, Texas
and Arizona. July-October.

126

Fig. 108. Muhlenbergia filiculmis Vasey; Contrib. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 1 : 267 ; Beal,Grasses N. Am., 2 : 250. Thread-like Muhlen-
bergia.— A low, tufted perennial with lililbrni scape-like culms 1.5
to 3..") dm. biffb, setaceous radical leaves and narrow, spike-like
panicles 2 to 5 cm. long.— Sandy soil, Ute Pass, El Paso County,
in moist i)rairies at Como, Park County, and on the mesas at Twin
Lakes, Lake County, Colorado; alt. 2,000 to 3,000 m. July-t?ep-
tember.

127

Fig. 109. Muhlenbergia schafFneri Founi ; Beal, Grasses N.
Am., 2: 239. — A low, cii'spitose, branching annual 2 to 10 cm.
high, witli short leaves and simple, spike-like panicles. Awn of
the flowering glume 1 to 7 lines long. — " Dry, gravelly patches of
thin soil," mountains of Arizona and New Mexico. [Mexico.]
September.

128

AT J

Fig. 110. Miihlenbeigia virescens (HHK.) Trin. ; l?eal, Grasses
N. Am., 2 : 212. — A ratlur slender, erect i)ereuuial about (> dm.
high, with long, narrow leaves and a strict, pale-green or straw-
colored panicle about 15 cm. long. — At an altitude of 1,800 to
2,100 m. on the mountains of Arizona and New Mexico. [Mexico.]
Mav. June.

129

Fig. 111. Muhlenbergia gracilis Triu. : Eeal, Grasses N. Am.,
2 : 212. — A sleuder, but rather rigid, densely c;espitose perennial
1..5 to 6 dm. higb, "vrith narrow, involute leaves, and contracted
panicles S to 1.5 cm. long. — Ascending to 2,700 m. or more Texas
to Arizona, Colorado, and Wyoming. [Mexico.] .Tune-September.
11162— No. 7 9

130

Fig. 112. Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. {B. aris-
tatum E. & S.). Bearded Suokt-husk. — A perennial, with simple
culms 3 to 9 dm. high. Hat, spreading leaf blades and few-flowered,
simple, terminal panicles. — Open, rocky woods, Newfoundland to
North Carolina, Alabama, Missouri, and Minnesota and Ontario.
May-August.

131

Fig. 113. Heleochloa schoenoides (L.) Host (Phleum schcen-
oides L. ; Crypsis schanoidea Lam.). Rush-like Timothy. — A
diffusely branching ciespitose annual 1 to 3 dm. Hgh, with in-
flated sheaths, rather short, spreading leaves, and densely flow-
ered ovate, or oblong, spike-like panicles. — Waste ground about
New York City, Philadelphia, etc., sparingly naturalized.
[Europe and Asia.] July, August.

132

Fig. 114. Phleuiii pratense L. Timothy. — A iiereniiial Avitb
erect, simple culms 3 to 12 dm. high and dense, cylindrical, spike-
like panicles 2.5 to 10 cm. long. — Widely cultivated and completely
naturalized in fields, waysides, and waste ground throughout the

United States and British America.
August.

[Europe and Asia.] June-

133

Fig. 115. Alopecurus geniculatus L. Floating Foxtail. — A
slender pereuuial, with cnliiis deouiubent and branched at base,
then erect or ascending', 1.5 to (> dm. high, flat, spreading leaves
and dense, spike-like, slender panicles 2.5 to 7.5 cm. long. — Wet
meadows, banks of streams and ditches throughout the I'nited
States, and from Newfoundland to British Columbia. [Europe and
Asia.] April-September.

134

Fig. 116. Alopecurus pratensis L. Meadow Foxtail. — An
erect, smooth perennial 3 to 9 dm. lii^h, with short, creeping root-
stocks, flat, spreading leaf blades, and dense, cylindrical, spike-
like panicles 5 to 10 cm. long. — Naturalized in fields and meadows,
LabradortosoutbernNew York, Ohio and Michigan; also Oregon,
Idaho, and California. [Europe, Asia, and Africa.] June, July.

135

Fig. 117. Alopecurus occidentalis Scribn, {A. pratensis alpestrxa
A. Gray). Mountain Foxtail. — An erect, rather slender grass
6 to 9 dm. high, with shorter and thicker heads than those of
Meadow Foxtail. — Wet meadows and banks of streams, high moun-
tains of Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, and Colorado. June-Septem-
ber. A valuable haj' grass.

136

Fig. 118. Phippsia algida (Soland.) R. Br.; Britton and
Brown, 111. FL, 1 : 150. Piui'I'SIa. — A low, tufted, glabrous peren-
nial 2 to 10 cm. hi.nb, with narrow, soft, and flat leaves and con-
tracted, siniiile panicles. — Arctic North America and on the highest
mountain peaks of Colorado. [Greenland, arctic Europe, and
Asia.] July, August.

137

Fic. lUt. Sporobolus asper (Micbx.) Kuiitli (Jf/rostia asper
Michx.). Praihie-grass. — A rather slender iierennial 3 to 9 dm.
high, with usually loug, iuvolute-filiform leaf blades and con-
tracted, linear ])anicles 5 to 15 cm. long. — In dry, sandy soil,
open woods and glades, Long Island to Florida, west to Texas,
Missouri, and Illinois. August-October. Avoided by stock ex-
cepting when young.

138

Fig. 120. Sporobolus longifolius (Torr.) Wood; Brittou aud
Brown, 111. FL, 1 : 151. Long-leafed Sporoholus. — A stout pcr-
ennial 3.5 to 10 dm. bigli, with very long, attenuate-pointed
leaves, and strict, spike-like panicles 3 to 10 inches long, which
are more or less included in the inflated leaf sheaths. — Dry, sandy
soil, Maine to Pennsylvania, South Dakota iind Utah, south to
Texas and Florida. August-October.

139

Fig. 121. Sporobolus heterolepis A. Gray. Stroxg-scented
Sporobolus. — A rather stout, somewhat wiry, crespitose jieren-
nial 6 to 9 dm. high, with very long basal leaves and loose, open
panicles. — In dry soil, prairies, etc., Connecticut to Quebec, Iowa
and Nebraska and Wyoming, thence south to Texas an<l north to
Assiniboia and Saskatchewan. August, September.

140

Fig. 122. Sporobolus interruptus Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.
Am., 2 : 286. — A rather stout, erect perennial with simple culms
ahout 4 dm. high, flat leaves anil narrow but loosely flowered
panicles 10 to 18 cm. long. — In forests, mountains of Arizona.
August, September.

141

Fig. 123. Sporobolus floridanus Chapiu. — A rather stout, erect
perennial 6 to 12 dm. high, with long, narrow leaves and diffuse
panicles 2.5 to 5 cm. long. Pedicels capill ary ; spikelets purplish. —
Moist pine barrens near the coast, North Carolina to western
Florida. July-September.

142

Fig. 124. Sporobolus curtissii ( Vasey) Small. {S. fioridanus cur-
/(ssiiVasey; Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 : 290). — A wiry, erect perennial
3 to 6 dm. high, with very long leaves and loosely flowered, open
panicles 15 to 25 cm. long. — Moist pine barrens, northeastern
Florida. ,Tnly-Novemher.

143

Fig. 125. Sporobolus compressus (Torr.) Kiintli. {Agrosiiscom-
pressaTovv.). Flat-stemmed .SrououoLus. — A csespitose pereu-
nial, with short, scaly rootstocks, flattened culms 3 to 6 dm. high,
rather long, conduplicate leaves and opeu, capillary panicles 10 to
30 cm. long. — In bogs and pine barrens, Long Island and New
Jersey. September, October.

144

Fig. 126. Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. Smut-grass.— A
tufted, wiry, erect perennial .3 to 9 dm. high, with simple culms
and narrow, densely Howered, spike-like panicles 10 to 30 cm.
long. — Abundantly naturalized in waste ground, waysides, fields,
and pastures. Virginia and Tennessee to Florida, Arkansas, Texas,
and California; occasional in the Eastern cities. [Native or nat-
uralized in all tropical countries.] March-September.

145

Fig. 127. Sporobolus airoidesTorr. Fixe-top Salt-grass. —
A stout, coarse, and rigid perenuial 3 to 9 dm. bij;li, with loag, nar-
row leaves and open, spreading panicles of many small spikelets. —
Moist or dry, usually saline or alkaline soil in deserts, prairies,
along streams, in meadows, etc., Nebraska and Kansas to Idaho,
California, Texas, and Arizona. [Mexico and Lower California.]
July-SeptemV)er.

11162— No. 7 10

146

Fig. 128. Sporobolus argutus (Nees) Knntb (VUfa arfiuta
Nees.); Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 : 301.— A Cii'spitose pereuuiiil 2 to

4 dm. hijrh, with flat leaves and opeu (at first strict) panicles 3 to

5 cm. long. — "Sand dunes and sandy flats near river banks,"
Kansas and Colorado to Texas and western Louisiana, also in
southern Florida. [Mexico and West Indies.] May-September.

147

Fig. 129, Sporobolus confusus (Foimi.; Vasey ; JBeal, Grasses
N. Am., 2 : 294. — A slender. Lraucliing, tufted annual 0.8 to 2 dm.
high, with loose sheaths, Hat leaves, and capillary, ovoid or oblong
panicles S to 1.5 cm. long. — Sandy hanks of streams, moist places
in sandy plains, canyons, etc., Texas to California, and in Colo-
rado and Montana. [Mexico.] .Tuly-Septemher.

148

Fig. 130. Epicampesrigens(Holan(l.) ; Beutli. ; Beal, Grasses X.
Ain., 2 : — (( "inna macroitra Thnrb. not Kuntb ; Vilfa rigeim Jiolaud.
not Trin.). Deer-grass. — A stout, erect perennial, ^itli rigid,
wiry culms 9 to 12 dm. liigli; long, narrow leaves and very long,
narrow, and densely flowered spike-like panicles. — In tlie foot-
hills, Texas to Nevada. New Mexico, Arizona, and southern Cal-
ifornia. [Mexico.] July-November. A bunch-grass of some
agricultural value.

149

Fig. 131. Epicampes ligulata Scribn. sj). nov. — A stout, rigid
perennial 6 to 12 dm. high, with narrow, very scabrous leaves and
strict, rather densely flowered panicles 20 to 40 cm. long. Leaves
long-attenuate pointed, rigid, and subinvolute at the Ijase, where
they are much narrower tliaii the rigid ligule, which i.s 10 to 30 mm.
long. Spikelets dark purple, glumes subequal. — Cool slopes and
canyons, mountains of New Mexico and Arizona. [Mexico.] Au-
gust, September.

150

?nS>

Fig. 132. Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Bkard-
GRASS. — A smooth annual iVom a few centimeters to 6 to 9 dm.
liigb, -with awued l-liowered spikelets crowded in dense spike-
like panicles. — In ilelds and waste places, sparingly naturalized
along the Atlantic Coast from Xew Hampshire to South Carolina;
abundantly on the Pacific Slope from California to Vancouver
Island, and in Arizona, Nevada, and Colorado. [Europe and
Asia.] April-Octol)er.

151

Fig. 133. Limnodia arkansana (Nutt.); Dewey in Contrib.
U. S. Nat. Herb., 2: 518 {Greenla arkansana Nutt.; Thurberia
arkansana Bentb.). — A slender annual 2 to 6 dm. high, more or less
geniculate at tbe lower nodes, with soft, Hat leaves and narrow,
loosely flowered panicles 8 to 18 cm. long. Outer glumes sca-
brous or pilose.— Shell banks, woods, etc., western Florida to
Arkansas and southern Texas. April-June.

152

Fig. 134. Cinna arundinacea L. Indian Rked. — A tall, leafy
grass 9 to 21 dm. high, with simple culms, Hat leaf blades, and
ample terminal panicles. — Shaded swamps, banks of streams and
low thickets, Newfoundland to North Carolina, Alabama, Texas,
South Dakota, and the Northwest Territory. May-September.

153

Fig. 135. Agrostis humilis Vasey (A. variaiis Trin. ? not ThiiilL).
— A dwarf, slender perennial 6 to 12 cm. high, with short, flat leaves
and contracted, purplish panicles 2 to 3 cm. long. — Moist meadows,
or mossy and springy ])laces, at 2,100 to 3,000 m. altitude on the
mountains of Colorado, Wyoming, Washington, Oregon, and Mon-
tana. August, September.

154

Fig. 136. Agrostis coarctata Ehrh. {Stolonifera coarctata
Reichb). — A creepiug perennial with slender culms, the upright
branches about 3 dm. liigh, short, flat leaves and narrow, rather
densely flowered panicles 5 to 10 cm. long. — Damp soil and sands
along the coast, Newfoundland to New Jersey. [Europe.] July-
October. A flne-leafed, excellent turf-forming species, valuable
for lawns.

155

Fig. 137. Agiostis densifloraVasey; Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb.,
3: 72 (1892); Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 : 326. Dexsely-flowki.ed
Bent. — A rather stout, ca'spitose pereiiuial 1.5 to 4.5 dm. high,
with short aud comparatively broad leaves aud densely, many-
flowered, almost spike like panicles 3 to 8 cm. long. — Oregon and
California, along the coast, apparently rare. July, August.

156

Fig. 138. Agrostis pringlei Scribn. sp. nov. — A strongly stolo-
niferous grass, with rather slender, upright or ascending culms 3
to 6 dm. high, narrow and rather rigid flat leaves, and loosely
flowered, narrow ]ianicle8 5 to 15 cm. long. Flowering glumes
much shorter than the acuminate outer oues, aud remarkable for
the long hairs on the callus. — Plains, Mendocino County, Cal-
ifornia (Pringle), and northAvard to Oregon ( ?). August.

157

Fig. 139. Agrostis diegoensis Vasey (A. foliosa Yasey); Beal,
Grasses N. Am., 2 : 328. — A strong-growing, leafy perennial tl to
10 dm. liigb, from creeping rootstoeks, with pale-green, narrow,
and many-riowered panicles 15 to 20 cm. long. Spikelets 2 to 3 mm.
long; flowering glume short-awned or awnless; palea wanting. —

Mountains of southern California to Washington.

May-

August.

158

Fig. 140. Agrostis elliottiana Sclinlt. (A. arachnoides Ell.).
SriDER IJent-grass.— A low, briuuhiug imnual, rarely exceediug
3 dm. high, with uanow, liat leaves and ditVuse, capillary ]):iiiicle.s.
The flowering glume bears a loii^' and very slender awn.— Dry
hillsides and old fields, Sonth Carolina to Kentucky and Missouri,
south to Florida and Texas. Ajiril, May.

159

Fig. 141. Gastridium lendigerum (L.) Gautlin. (G. nnstrale
Beauv. ; Milium lendigmtm Linu.). NiT-GRASS. — A smooth aunual
1.5 to 6 dm. high, with flat leaves and a strict, spike-like panicle 6
to 12 cm. long; cultivated for ornament. — Hills, naturalized, Cali-
fornia and Oregon; also in Texas, [Southern Europe.] June,
July,

160

Fi(i. 142. Calamagrostis crassiglumis Thurb. ; Beal, Grasses
N. Am., 2 : 353 (as a var. of C. ncghria). — A riyid, erect pereuuial
1.5 to 4 dm. high, from creeping rootstocks, with long basal leaves
and dense, oblong, spike-like panicles 4 to 6 cm. long. — Wet ground
and gravelly lake shores, California to Vancouver Island. July,
August.

161

Fig. 143. Calamagrostis breviseta(A. Gray) Scribn. ; Britton
and Brown 111. Fl., 1: 164 (C. plcluririfjil A. Gray). SnoRT-
AWXED Reed-grass. — A slender perennial 3 to 5 dm. high, with
flat leaves and narrow or subpyraniidal, rather densely flowered
purplish panicles 8 to 12 cm. long. — Moist ground, Newfoundland,
Cape Breton Island, and Labrador to New Haiupshire, Vermont,
and Massachusetts. July,
11162— No. 7 11 '

August.

162

Fig. 144. Calamagrostis deschampsioidesTriu. ; IJeal, Grjisses
N. Am., 2 : 339. — A slcudtr pereunial with riiliiis 1.5 to 3 dm. liigb,
from creeping rootstocks, with narrow leaves 3 to 7 cm. long and
open, pyramidal ]):uiicle84to 8 cm. long. — Piil)ilof I.slands. Alaska,
southward to California. [Kamchatka.] August.

163

Fig. 145. Calaniagrostis aleutica Triu. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am.,
2 : 346. — A stout, erect i)erenuial G to 15 dm. high, Avith loug and
rather stiff, flat leaves and densely many -flowered, narrow pani-
cles 15 to 30 cm. long-. — Along the seashore, in rocky or marshy
places, Alaska and Uiialaska. to California. June-September.

164

Fig. 14(3. Calamagrostis tweedyi Sciibu. ; Heal, (irassos N.
Am., 2:348. — A stout peienuial 7 to 10 diu. liigli, with rather
broad, llat leaves and densely flowered, spike-like panicles 8 to
12 cm. long. — Cascade Mountains, Washington.

165

Fig. 147. Calamagrostis bolanderi Thurb. ; Beal, Grasses X.
Am., 2 : 352.— A stout perennial 6 to 15 dm. high, with flat leaves
10 to 30 cm. long and expanded, dark-purple panicles 8 to 20 cm.
long. — Moist woodlands, northwestern California. August.

166

Fig. 148. Calamagrostis howellii Vasey; Beal, Grasses N. Am.,
2 : 3.39. — A densely c:cspitose, erect, leafy perennial 2.5 to 5 dm.
high, with long anil narrow basal leaves and open panicles 8 to 15
cm. long. Spikelets long-awned. — High mountains, Oregon and

Washinirton.

June-August.

167

Fig. 149. Ainniophilaarenaria(L.) Link (.4. arMKciiwacca Host,).
Beach-grass, Marram-grass. — A coarse, erect perennial, with
creeping rootstocks, rigid culms 6 to 12 dm. high, long leaves, and
narrow, densely flowered, spike-like terminal panicles 12 to 25 cm.
long. — Sandy coasts of the Atlantic from New Brunswick south
to Virginia, and shores of the Great Lakes. [Europe.] July-
October.

168

Fig. 150. Calamovilfa brevipilis ( Toir. ) 8cribn. {Arundo brevi-
pilis Torr.). Siiort-iiaiked REED-ciUASS. — A rather slender,
smooth perennial 9 to 12 dm. high, with very narrow leaves and
open panicles 8 to 24 cm. long. — Sandy swamps in the pine bar-
rens of New Jersey, Angnst, September.

1(J9

Fig. 151. Holcus lanatus L. Velvet Grass.— A perennial 3
to 6 dm. high, with creeping rootstocks. flat leaves, and open
panicles 5 to 8 cm. long; usually densely pubescent all over with
soft, whitish hairs. — Introduced into this country from Europe
with other grasses and now widely distributed. May-August.

170

Fig. 152. Aira caryophyllea L. Silvery Hair-grass. — A
slender, tufted annual 1 to 3 dm. liigh, with short leaves and
small-flowered, open panicles 2 to 8 cm. long. — In sandy waste
places, Massachusetts to Virginia; also on the Pacific Coast. In-
troduced from Europe. May-August.

171

Fig. 153. Aira praecox L. Early Wild Oat-grass. — A tufted,
erect or asceudiog annual 2 to 12 cm. high, with a contracted
panicle 1 to 2 cm. long. — Introduced and sparingly distributed iu
the Middle States near the coast, growing in sandy soil. Also on
Vancouver Island. [Europe.] May-July.

172

Fig. 154. Deschampsia holciformis Presl. ; Real, Grasses N.
Am., 2 : 370. Californian Haiu-grass. — A stout, erect perennial
6 to 15 dm. liigh, with long and rather rigid basal leaves and
densely flowered, more or less interrupted panicles 12 to 24 cm.
long. — Moist meadows, Calilbrnia near the coast. April.

173

Fig. 155. Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Tufted Hair-
grass. — A slender, erect perennial about Gdm. high, with iuvointe-
setaceous, radical leaves and diftnse panicles. — Labrador soiith-
ward alous the mountains to Xortb Carolina and Tennessee, and
westward from New York to Wisconsin. [Greenland and Europe.]
May-August.

174

Fig. 156. Deschampsia elongata (Hook.) Muiiro; Beal,
Grasses Js. Am., 2 : 371. Slendeu Hair-ghass. — A slender peren-
nial 3 to 12 dm. liii^li, with narrow })aiiicles 15 to 38 cm. long. —
Montana to British Columbia and southward on the Pacitic Slope
to Mexico. May-Angnst.

175

Fig. 157. Deschampsia calycina Presl (Jira danilwnloideB
Triu.). Oat-likk HAiK-(iRAhS. — A rather slender, erect, ta-spitose
grass from 1 to 7 dm. liigb, with more or less spreading panicles. —
Native along the Pacific Slope from Canada to California, east-
ward to Utah, and southward through Mexico to Peru. April-
July.

176

Fig. 158. Deschampsia atropurpurea ( Wahl. ) Scheele. Moun-
tain Haik-«;kass.— A slender, alpine grass 1.5 to 4 dm. high, with
flat leaves and few-flowered, nodding panicles 3 to 12 cm. long.—
Labrador, White Mountains, Adiroudacks, Eocky Mountains in
Colorado, northward to Alaska. [Northern Europe and Asia.]
July-September.

177

Fig. 159. Trisetum palustre (Michx.) Torr. Marsh Oat-
grass. — A slender, loosely tufted pereunial 6 to 9 dm. high, with
flat, soft leaves aud loosely flowered, noddinoj, aud yellowish green
panicles. — On moist rocks, along brooks, in wet meadows, etc.,
Massachusetts to Illinois, south to Florida and Louisiana; British
Columbia. April-June.
11162— No. 7 12

178

Fig. 160. Trisetum subspicatum (L.) Beauv. (Aira suhspicata
L.). Downy Oat-grass. — A sleixltT, erect perennial 1.5 to 4.5
dm. high, with usually downy culms and leaves and densely
many-flowered, spike-like panicles. — Widely distributed in the
cooler temperate regions of both heniispheres, ranging in North
America from Labrador to Alaska and extending southward in the
Eastern States to the mountains of North Carolina and Tennes-
see, and in the West to New Mexico and California. June-Sep-
tember.

179

Fig. 161. Trisetum montanum Vasey ; Beal, Grasses N.Am., 2 :
379. Rocky Mountain Oat-grass. — A slender, erect, or ascend-
ing native grass 3 to 8 dm. high, with narrow, tiat leaves and
many-fiowered. more or less contracted panicles 8 to 12 cm. long. —
Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico. July, August.

180

Fig. 162. Trisetum interruptum Bnckl. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am.,
2 : 376, under T. elongatum. .Sle.vdef4 Oatmirass. — A Sleuder,
erect aiiunal 2 to 5 dm. high, with rather short, soft leaves and
narrow, elongated panicles 4 to 10 cm. long. — Colorado to Texas,
Arizona, and southern California. Mareh-May.

181

Fig. 163. Trisetum canescens Buckl. ; Brewer and Wat8.,Bot.
Calif., 2 : 296. Silvery Oat-gkass. — An t-rect perennial 3 to 12
dm. hij^b, with flat leaves, and more or less densely flowered pan-
icles 12 to 18 cm. lontr. — In dry, open ground, open woods, thickets,
and wet meadows, California to British Columbia, east to Mon-
tana. May-September.

182

Fig. 164. Trisetum cernuum Trin. ; Beal, Grasses X. Am., 2 :
379. NoDDiXG ()at-(;i:ass. — A sleuder perennial (i to 10 dm. high,
with rather broad, flat leaves and loosely flowered, nodding pani-
cles 12 to 20 cm. long. — Alaska to northern California and east-
ward to Idaho. May-July.

183

Fig. 165. Avena americana (Scribn.) (J. pratensis var. ameri-
cana Scribn. ; A. hookcri Scribn. ). American Oat. — A rigidly erect
perennial 3 to 6 dm. high, with narrow, firm leaves, and con-
tracted panicles 8 to 12 cm. long.— Open thickets and prairies,
Manitoba, and in the foothills of the Rockj^ Mountains south-

ward to Colorado.

June-August.

184

Fig. 166. Avena mortoiiiana Scribn. ; Bot. Gaz., 21 : 133.
Morton's Oat-orass. — A densely ca'Si)itose, erect perenuial 1 to
2.5 dm. high, with rather rigid leaves and narrow, simple ]>ani-
cles of one- to two-tlowered spilvelets. — At 3,900 to •4,-'00 in. alti-
tude, mountains of Colorado. Angust.

185

Fig. 167. Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. {Arena elatior
L. ). Tall Oat-crass. — A loosely tufted perennial 6 to 12 dm. high,
with flat leaves and narrow, loosely flowered panicles 15 to 20 cm.
long. — Introduced from Europe as a fodder grass. Valuable; in
Europe regarded as one of the best meadow grasses. May, June.

186

Fig. 168. Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. {Avcna spicaia L.).
Wild Oat-grass. — A smooth, slender, erect perennial 2.5 to .5 dm.
high, with a few-flowered, narrow panicle spreading only in
flower. — Common in dry, thin soils from Canada southward to
the Gulf States and westward to Texas. May-lSeptemher.

187

Fig. 169. Danthonia compressa Austin. Tennessee Oat-
grass. — A slender, erect, tufted perennial 2 to 6 dm. high, with
long, narrow root leaves, and few-tlowered open panicles. — Moun-
tain regions of eastern Tennessee and. North Carolina northward to

Canada.

June-August.

188

Fig. 170. Danthonia sericea Nntt. Silky Oat -grass. — A
ratlier stout, erect perennial 3 to 9 dm. hii;h, with usually pubes-
cent sheaths, rather rigid leaves, large spikelets, and terminal,
few-flowered panicles. — Open woodlands in dry soil, Massachu-
setts and New Jersey to Florida and west to Tennessee and Ala-
bama. May, June.

189

Fig. 171. Capriola dactylon (L.) Knutze ( Pan hum dactylon L. ;
Cynodon daclnJon Pors. ). Behmuda-grass.— A creeiiiug perennial,
with upright or ascending, leafy flowering branches 1 to 6 dm.
high.— Widely dispersed over the tropical and warmer temperate
regions ofthe world, in the United States from Pennsylvania south-
ward to Florida and westward to Texas and California. April-
October. (The name Capriola may belong to Panieum sanguinale.)

190

Fig. 172. Spartina polystachya (Micbx.) Ell. {Tracliynotia
polystachya). Salt Reed-grass. — A stout, erect perennial 12 to
27 dm. liigb, with long, flat leaves and terminal panicles of twenty
to fiftj' crowded, ascending spikes 5 to 10 cm. long. — Brackish
marshes along the coast, Maine to Mississippi. .luly-October.

191

Fig. 173. Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Willd. Freshwater
CoRD-GKAss. — A Stout, erect grass 6 to 18 dm. high, with un-
hranched, smooth culms from strong, scaly, creeping rootstocks
long, tough leaf blades, and five to twenty spikes, forming a ter-
minal panicle. — River Itanks and lake shores, also brackish coast
marshes, Maine and Nova .Scotia to Assiuiboia and Oregon, south
to New Jersey, western Tennessee, Texas, and Colorado. July-
October.

192

Fig. 174. Spartina patens (Ait.) Mubl. {DactijUs patens ,Ait. ;
Spariina juncea Ell.). Fox-gkass. — A rather .slender and some-
what wiry grass 3 to 6 (rarely 9) dm. high, with two to four slen-
der, erect or widely spreading spike-s. — Salt marshes and sandy
shores alonu; the coast from Newfonndlaud to Florida and west-
ward to Texas. June-September.

193

Fig. 175. Spartina gracilis Trin. Western Cord-grass. — A
comparatively slender, perenuial species 3 to 9 dm. high, with flat
leaves, aud three to iiiue rather short, appressed spikes. — Mead-
ows, swamps, aud river hottouis, especially iu alkaline soils, South
Dakota to Kansas, west to British Columbia, Nevada, and Cali-
fornia. March-Angust.
11162— No. 7 13

194

Fig. 17G. Spartina juiiciformis Engelin. & Gray (S. denftiftora
Brongii. (f); S. goiiini Fourn.); Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2:400.
Rrsii-LiKE Spartixa. — A stout perennial 6 to 15 dm. liigh, with
very long, narrow leaves and short, appressed spikes, which form
a cylindrical, sjjike-like inflorescence 10 to 30 cm. long. — Brack-
ish marshes along the Gulf Coast, Key West, Florida to Texas.
[Mexico and Chile. ?J -Tune-October.

195

Fig. 177. Spartina stricta maritima (Walt.) Scribn. (DactyJis
mariiima Walt.; Spartina (/labra Muhl.). Cueek Sedge or
Thatch. — An erect and often stout salt-marsL. grass from 6 to 24
dm. high, with long, flat leaves an<l few to many, erect, appressed
spikes. — Along ditches and creeks of the salt marshes of both the
Atlantic and Pacific coasts. July-October.

196

Fig. 178. Campulosus aromaticus (Walt.) Triii. {^EgUops
aromatica Walt.; Ctenium americanum Spreng. ). Toothache-
GUASS. — Au erect perennial 9 to 12 dm. liigh, from strong, lemon-
scented and pungent rootstocks, with narrow leaves and usually
a single, terminal, curved, pectinate spike 4 to 10 cm. long. —
Soutliern Virginia to Florida and Avestward to Mississippi. July,
August.

197

Fig. 179. Canipulosus chapadeiisis Triu. {Clenium chapadense
Doell). — Au erect perennial 8 to 12 dm. high, with narrow leaves
and usually single, terminal, more or less curved spikes. More
slender than C. aromnticus, with narrower glumes, and more deli-
cate and longer awns. — Florida, in the "flat woods" regions.
July-October.

198

Fto. 180. Chloris glauca (Chapm.) Yaeey (Eitfitaclnis ghntca
Cbapm.); Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2:408. .Smooth Chloris. — A
strong-growing perennial, with diffusely spreading and ascending
culms 6 to 12 dm. long, bearing 10 to 25 slender terminal spikes.
Culms and sheaths strongly flattened. — Brackish niarslu-s and
along the borders of cypress swamps, Florida. July-September.

199

Fig. 181. Cliloris neglecta Nash iu Bull. Torr. Bot. Club., 22 :
423. — A rather stout perennial 6 to 12 dm. high, with compressed,
glabrous culms and sheaths, flat leaves 10 to 35 cm. long, and four
to six terminal spikes 8 to 12 cm. long. Closely allied to and
much resembling C.floridana. — Low pine lands, Florida. October.

200

Fig. 182. Chloris petraea Sw.; Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 : 408
(buI). C. swartzlana Doell). Skasidk Finger-grass. — A creeping,
gliincous perennial .3 to ti dm. high, with obtnse, flat h'aves and
tluee to eight slender spikes 4 to 7 cm. ]<)ng. — Southern Florida
to southeastern Texas. [West Indies and Central and South Amer-
ica.] March-October.

201

Fig. 183. Chloris floridaiia (Chapm. ) Yasey (Eustachys flori-
flana Chapni.); Beal, Grasses N. Aui., 2 : 407. — A smooth, rather
slender perennial 3 to 6 dm. higli. with compressed culms and
sheaths, dat leaves and one or two spikes 6 to 8 cm. long. The
spikes in this and in ('. negJecta are stouter than in Cjictrwa. — Dry,
sandy soil, Florida. July-October.

2(V2

Fig. 184. Chloris cucullata Biscb. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am.. 2 :
40". — A rather slender, oa'spitose perennial 2 to 4 dm. high, with
narrow, llat leaves and eight to twelve spikes digitate or umbel-
late at the apex of the culms. Uppermost glumes eucullate. —
Sandy plains, Texas to Arkansas. March-September.

203

Fig. 185. Chloris verticillata Nutt. Windmill-grass.— Alow,
spreading perennial, with rather stout. Qfiright tiowering branches
1.5 to 5 dm. high and numerous widely spreading, slender spikes
8 to 13 cm. long. — Prairies, Kansas to Texas. A good turf former.
May-Sejjtember.

Fig. 186. Chloris elegans HBK. {C. alba Presl); Beal, (Jrasses
N. Am., 2 : 403. — An erect perennial 3 to 6 dm. high, with slightly
inflated sheaths, flat leaves and eight to twelve silky-bearded
spikes, clustered or umbellate at the apex of the culms. — Dry
mesas and de.sert hills of western Texas, southern Arizona, New
Mexico, southern California and southward. An ornamental grass.
June-November.

205

Fig. 187. Chloris polydactyla (L.) Sw. (Anth-opogon po'iyuac-
tylon L.). M.\NY-si'iKi:ij Chlokis. — A rather stout, leafy peren-
nial about 6 dm. high, with numerous, more or less liexuose. brown-
ish spikes 8 to 13 cm. long. — Florida. [West Indies and South
America.]

206

Fig. 188. Chloris texensis Nash in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 23:
151. — A smooth, glaucous perennial 3 to 6 dm. high, the crowded
lower sheaths compressed, with Hat leaves and five toeight slender,
terminal, digitate spikes 10 to 18 cm. long. — Texas. [Mexico f. ]

207

Fig. 189. Trichloris blanchardiana Scribn. (T. fasciculata
Fourn.). — A rather stout perennial 5 to 10 dm. high, with long,
narrow leaves and many, slender, bearded spikes, which are fasci-
culate or subdigitate at the apex of the culm. — Dry plains and
mesas, Texas to Arizona. ^lay-September,

208

ViG. 190. Trichloiis pliirifloia I'ourn. Many-flowkred Tiu-
ciii.oiiis. — A gluuious, crcit perciniial (> to 12 dm. lii,i;h, with lonp.
Hat leaves and luiinerous erect, many-llowered, bearded spikes 8 to
15 em. long. Spikclets three- to four-llowered. — Southern and
western Texas. [Mexico.] May-.Iuly.

209

Fig. 191. Gymnopogon ambigtms CMichx.) B. S. P.; Britton
and Brown, 111. J'L, 1 : 178 ( <r. r<ui ihosiih Beauv.j. N.\kp:d Bkari>-
GKASs. — A loosely tufted, erect or ascending jjerennial 30 to 45 cm.
high, with short and hroad leaf hlades and numerous (fifteen to
thirty), slender and widely spreading sx)ike8 irregularly scattered
along the common rachis.— Dry soil, fields, hillsides, and borders
of woods, New Jersey to Missouri, Indian Territory, Texas, and
Florida. .July-October.
11162— No. 7 U

210

Fig. 192. Gymnopogon brevifolius Triu. Siiokt-i-kafed
Beard-ghass. — A slender, loosely tnfted and niany-.jointed peren-
nial, with erect or ascending culms 3 to 6 dm. liigb, short, flat
leaves and numerous very slender spikes, which are naked toward
the base. — Dry or moist pine ))arren8 near the coast, New .Jersey
to Mississippi. August-November.

211

Fig. 193. Schedoiinai dus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trelease; Brit-
ton and Brown, 111. FL, 1 : 179 (S. Ivxanus Steud.). Texan Crab-
grass. — A low, diffusely branching annual, with short, narrow
leaves and slender, paniculate spikes. The tufted stems varj- from
1 to 9 dm. long. — Dry prairies, Illinois to Texas and New Mexico,
north to Assiniboia and Manitoba. April-October.

212

Fig. 194. Bouteloua uniflora Vasey ; Beal, Grasses N.Am., 2;
426. One-flowered Grama. — A slender, erect perennial 3 to 4.5
dm. high, with narrow, long-attenuate-pointed leaves and numer
ous (twenty-five to seventy- live), spreading or detlext'd one-flow-
ered spikes approximate along the common axis. — Southwestern
Texas. September.

213

Fig. 195. Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Ton. (B. raceviosa
Lag.). Tall Grama or Side Oats. — A densely tufted perennial
3 to 9 dm. higli, with numerous (twenty to sixty), usually spread-
ing or reflexed siiikes seattend along the common axis, forming a
long, somewhat one-sided raceme 20 to 40 cm. long. — Dry fields,
hillsides, and prairies, New York and Ontario to New Jersey,
Mississippi, Texas, California, and Manitoba. [Mexico and Cen-
tral and South America.] May-October.

214

Fig. 196. Bouteloua aristidoides Tburb. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am.,
2 : 425. Six-WKEKS Mesc^iit. — A slender, densly tufterl audmuch
branched annual (?) 1 to 3.5 dm. high, with short, narrow leaves,
and three to twelve very narrow and few- (sometimes only one-)
flowered spikes. — Texas to southern California. [Mexico and
Lower California.] August. Sei>tember.

215

Fig. 197. Bouteloiia texana S. Wats. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am.. 2 :
426. Texan Grama. — A densely ca^spitose, usually glabrous per-
ennial 2 to 3 dm. liigli, with narrow. Hat leaves, and two to ten
short, many awued spikes, approximate on the common rachis. —
Dry soil, Texas and Indian Territory to Arkausas. March, April.

216

Fig. 198. BoutelouahavardiVasey ; Beal,Gras8esN. Am. 2 : 424.
Ha yard's Grama. — A perennial, with strong rhizomes, upright
culms 2 to 4 dm. high, and four to six short, silky-villons spikes
approximate on the common rachis. — Sandy plains, rocky hills,
canyons, al)0ut springs, etc., Texas to Arizona. [Northern Mex-
ico.] April-September.

217

Fig. 199. Bouteloua eriopoda Torr. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2:
421. WoOLY-JOiNTED Grama. — A sleuder, branching, and some-
what wiry perennial with wooly-Jointed stems 2 to 3.5 dm. long,
with three to six slender, spreading, and rather loosely flowered
spikes 1.5 to 2.5 cm. long. — Dry, gravelly soil, Texas to Arizona.
[Northern Mexieo.] August, September.

218

Fig. 200. Bouteloua lamosa Siiibu. ; Vasey, Grasses of the
S. W., 1: 44. Wiry Grama.— An erect or asceiuling perennial,
with branching and many-jointed culms 3 to 4.5 dm. high, short,
narrow, spreading leaves, and one to three spreading and more or
less arcuate spikes 1 to 3 cm. long. — In canyons, mountains of
southwestern Texas. [Northern ^lexico.] August, September.

219

Fig. 201. Bouteloua breviseta Yasey; Beal, Grasses X. Am.,
2:420. Short- AWXKD Grama. — An erect, soinewliut wiry and
densely c;espitose perennial 2.5 to 3.5 dm. liigli, the lower inter-
nodes covered with a thin white bloom. Leaves very narrow, 2
to i cm. long. Spikes one to tiirec, erect m- somewhat divergent,
about 2 cm. long. — South western Texas. September.

220

Fig. 202. Bouteloua vestita (S. Wats.) Scribn.; Beal, Grasses
N.Am., 2: 419. Hairy Gkama.— A tufted annual, \vith erect or
ascending slender culms 3 to 6 dm. liigli, with short, flat leaves
and two to eight ascending, many-flowered, hairy spikes about 2
cm. long. — Sandy banks of streams and "benches" on mountain
sides, western Texas to southern Arizona. [Mexico.] September,
October.

221

Fig. 203. Bouteloua lothrockii Vasey. Rothrock's Grama. —
A densely csespitose perennial, with erect, simple or sparingly
brancheclleafy culms 1.5 to 2 dm. bigli, and live to nine more or less
spreading, densely flowered spikes 2 to 3 cm. long. — Sandy plains,
mesas and foothills, Arizona. [Mexico.] August, September.

222

Fig. 204. Bouteloua oligostachya (Xutt.) Torr. Blue
Grama. — A sleiuler perennial 1.5 to 5 dm. liigli, with one to five re-
mote, pectinalely many-tlowered, nsnally spreading spikes 2.5 to
5 cm. long. — Wisconsin to Montana, north to Manitol>a and Al-
berta, south to Texas, Arizona, and southern California; also at
Tampa, Fla. [Mexico.] .June-October.

223

Fig. 205. Bouteloua hirsuta (HBK.) Lag. Bristly Mes-
QXJiT. — A ciTjspitose pereuuial 1.5 to 4 dm. bigh, with erect or
ascending culms, flat leaves, and one to three more or less spread-
ing, densely flowered spikes 2 to 4 cm. long. — Dry jirairies and
sandy plains, Illinois and Wisconsin to South Dakota, Nevada,
Arizona, and Texas, and ( ?) southern Florida. [Mexico and Lower
California.] July-September.

224

Fig. 206. Bouteloua tiifida Thurb. ; Heal, (Jrasses N. Am., 2 :
421. Small Grama. — A delicate perennial 1 to 3 dm. high, with
short, narrow leaves, and three to seven ascending spikes usually
about 2 cm. long. — Mesas and sandy plains, Texas to Arizona.
[Northern Mexico.] May-October.

225

Co

Fig. 207. Bouteloua burkii Scribu. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 :
422. Burk's Graiia. — A slender, tufted perennial 1.5 (rarely 30)
cm. high, with short, spreading leaves and slender, horizontal
spikes 1 to 2 cin. long. — Sandy plains and dry mesas, western
Texas. [Northern Mexico.] April-.July.
11162— No. 7 1.5

226

Vui. 208. Beckmanuia erucaeforniis il..,) Host {rimlaris iriicn'-
formis Linn.). Slouoh-crass. — A .stout, erect, subaqnatic peren-
nial 3 to 12 dm. liij^li, with narrow panicles composed of many,
densely Howered one-sided spikes. — In sloiijjhs and along the
banks of rivers and streams, western Ontario to Iowa, California,
British Columbia, and .Alaska. ( I'.uropc and Asia.] .lune-Sep-
tember.

227

Fig. 209. Eleusiue indica (L.) Gaertu. Goose or Yard-
GRASS. — A coarse, tufted annual, with erect or spreading stems 1.5
to 6 dm. liigb, and two to five digitate spikes .^ to 7 cm. long. —
Waste or cultivated ground, New Jersey to Ohio and Kansas,
south to Florida and Texas. [Widely distributed in tropical and
subtropical countries.] .Tune-October.

228

Fig. 210. Dactylocteiiiiini aegyptium (L.) Willd. (Ci/nosurus
(itfijpthts L. ; DiKlyloclenhtm a ;it/ptiaciim Willd.). Crowfoot-
GRASS. — A low, tufted or creeping grass, with asoeiuliiig rtower-
ing stems rarely 3 dm. liigli, and three to live dii:itate sjiikes 2 to
5 fMii. long. — Waste, or ciiltivate<l ground, southern New York to
Illinois, south to Florida and Texas, west to California. [Widely
distriliuteil in tropical and siihtropiral regions of both hemis-
pheres.] May-December.

229

FKi. 211. Leptochloa spicata (Xees) Scribn. (Bromus spicatus
Xees ; DipJachnc spkata Doell ; D. reverchoiiiYasej) ; Beal, Grasses
N. Am., 2 : 434. — A low, densely ctc8i)itose perennial (?), with nu-
merous setaceous basal leaves and a slender, scape-like culm 6 to
15 cm. bigh. — Granitic rocks, central Texas. [Mexico and Brazil.]
May-July.

230

Fig. 212. Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) A. Gray. Clus-
tered 8alt-(;ka.ss. — An erect. iisiendiiijLf or nioro or less diflusely
spreading, cji-Hjiitose, iuiub-l>raucbe<l animal ."> to 6 dm. Ligli, with
numerous, erect, crowded spikes 6 to x <iii. long. — Salt marshes
along the coast, Rliode Island to Texas; saline soil in the interior,
western New York to South Dakota, Nevada, New Mexico, and
Texas. [Mexico and West Indies.] July-September.

231

Fig. 213. Leptochloa viscida (Scribn.) Beal {Diplachne viscida
S( ribn.). Viscid Leptochloa. — A densely Ciespitose and diffusely
branched perennial (?) 0..5 to 3 (rarely 6) dm. high, with acute,
flat leaves, and narrow, densely flowered panicles, composed of
eight to twelve erect spikes. — Wet, clayey soil, New Mexico and
Arizona. [Mexico and Lower California.] June-September.

232

Fig. 214. Leptochloa imbricata Thurb. {Dipladine imhricata
Scribn.); Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2: 435. — A rather stout, erect or
ascending perennial 3 to 9 dm. liigli, with smooth, usually glau-
cous culms, narrow, flat leaves, and numerous crowded, erect or
ascending spikes 4 to 6 cm. long. — Texas to southern California.
[Mexico and Lower California.] Augnst-Xovember.

233

Fig. 215. Leptochloa scabra Nees (Z. Jangloisii Vasey).
Rough Leptochloa.— A stout animal G to 12 dm. high, with flat
leaves and very many, crowded, slender spikes in terminal panicles
3 dm. long. — Ditches and fields, Louisiana. [Brazil.] September.

234

Fig. 216. Leptochloanealleyi Vasey (A. s^ric^oFourn.). Neal-
LEy's Leptochloa. — A slender, or rather stout perenuial, with
erect or ascending cnlnis 4.5 to 12 dm. liigli. and narrow, elouyatcd
jianicles of many erect or ascending spikea. — Western Texas.
[Mexico.] April-June.

235

Fig. 217. Leptochloa dubia (HBK.) Nees (Chloris diibia HBK. ;
Dtplachne dubia Scribn.); Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2: 437. — A rather
stout and appareutly perennial species, 3 to 9 dm. high, with
usually eight to ten approximate spreading spikes 6 to 8 cm,
long. — Southern Florida, Texas to Arizona, and southward into
Mexico. April-September.

236

Fig. 218. Leptochloa pringlei (Vasey) Beal, Grasses N. Am.,
2: 436.— A rather slender perennial 2.5 to 3.5 dm. high, with
narrow leaves and four to six spikes 2.5 to 5 cm. long, apiiroxi-
mate near the summit of the culm. Spikelets two- to three-
flowered. — Arizona. April, May.

237

Fig. 219. Leptochloa mucronata (Michx.) Kuiith. Feather-
grass. — A more or less braiifbuiu; auuual 6 to 12 dm. higb, with
rather broad, flat leaves and long terminal iianicles of many
slender spikes. — A weed in cnltivated and waste grounds, Virginia,
Illinois, Missouri, Tennessee, Alabama, Texas, Indian Territory,
Arizona, and California. [Northern Mexico and Cuba.] June-
October,

238

Fig. 220. Bulbilis dactyloides (Nutt.) Eaf, {Bnchlol- dacfy-
loides Engelm.); Brittou and Brown, 111. FL, 1 : 183. Buffalo-
grass. — A low, tine-leafed, and extensively creeping jjerennial,
rarely more than 1 to 1.') dm. higli. Similar to Bermuda in habit
of growth. — Dry prairies and river bottoms, Minnesota and South
Dakota (ascends to 1,650 m. in lUack Hills), to Arkansas, southern
Texas, and Colorado. [Mexico.] March-August.

239

Fig. 221. Pappophorum wrightii S. Wats. (P. iorealeTorv., not
Griseb.); Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2: 448. Purple-grass. — A slen-
der, branching and apparently annual species 2 to 4 dm. high,
with narrow, involute leaves and densely dowered, spike-like,
lead-colored or purplish panicles 1 to 7 cm. long. — Rockj- hills,
canyons, and open plains, western Texas to Arizona. [Northern
Mexico.] July-September.

240

FiCx. 222. Pappophoium apertum Sciibn.; Bull. Toit. IJot.
Club, 9: 148; Beal, Grnsses N. Am., 2: 447. — A Cii'spitose peren-
nial 3 to 8 <im. high, with long, narrow, mostly involute leaves
and narrow, pale, or often straw-colored panicles 15 to 20 cm.
long. — Valleys, western Texas to Arizona and Mexico, .June.

241

Fig. 223. Cottea pappophoroides Kth. Cotta-grass. — An
erect, branching perennial 3 to 6 dm. high, with narrow, flat,
pilose leaves and oblong, open panicles 9 to 18 cm. long; spike-
lets two- to six-flowered, floral glames many-parted. — In canyons,
western Texas to Arizona. [Mexico and South America.] August-
October.

11162— No. 7 16

242

Fig. 224. Cathestecum prostratum Presl (C. crecium Vasey
and Hack.) ; Beal, Grasses X. Am., 2 : 452. — Au extensively creep-
ing, slender perennial, witli upright flowering branches 1 to 3 dm.
high, narrow, flat leaves, and clustered spikelets in terminal or
lateral racemes. — Dry mesas and bluflfs along the Rio Grande,
western Texas. [Mexico.] July-October.

243

Fig. 225. Scleropogon brevifoliiis Philippi (Tneiispis mon-
sirosa Muuro; Lesoiirdia mnUUiora aud L. kariciuski/ana Fouru.). —
A wiry, creeping perennial with densely tufted, upright, leafy
branches 1 to 2.5 cm. high, aud unisexual spikelets: the pistillate
long-avrned, the staminate awuless. — Dry mesas aud canyons,
Colorado to Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and southward into
Mexico and South America. Mav-October.

244

Fig. 226. Monanthochloe littoralis Enjjjelm. Salt Cedar. —
A creeping;' grass, with hard, woody stems, aud crowded, siibiikite,
rigid leaves 2 cm. hmg or less.— Rocky shores and salt marshes
along the coast, southern Florida, extreme southern Texas, south-
ern California. [Lower California.] May, June.

245

Fig. 227. Munroa squarrosa (Niitt.) Torr. False Buffalo-
grass. — A low, diffusely much-branched annual, with crowded
and sharply pointed, rigid leaves 0.5 to 2.5 cm. long. — Prairies and
dry plains, South Dakota to Texas, west to Alberta, Montana,
Colorado, and Arizona. June-October,

246

Fig. 228. Orcuttia californica Vasey; Heal. Grasses N. Am.,
2: 457. — A low, much- branched, Ciiespitose anuual 0..5 to 1 <liii.
high, the uumerous stems bcariu^ three to six spikelets near the
apex. — Southeru and Lower California. April.

247

Fig. 229. Phragmites vulgaris (Lam.) B. S. P. (P. communis
Trin. ; Arundo vHlgarin Lam. ; A. phratjmUes L. ). Common Reed. —
A tall, stout, perennial grass, with stout, creeping rootstocks,
numerous broad, attenuate-pointed leaves, and a large ovoid-
pyramidal, purplish, teruiiual panicle. — Margins of lakes and
rivers aud in brackish coast marshes, almost everywhere in the
United States aud southern British America. [Widely distrib-
uted in temperate regions of both hemispheres.] August-October.

248

Fig. 230. Triodia eragrostoides Vasey it Scribn. [Sief/Ungia
eragrostoide>< JJewey ) ; I5eal, ( brasses \. Am., 2 : 465. — An erect, leafy
perennial 6 to 9 dm. high, with long, narrow leaves and open,
small-Howered panicles 2 to 3 dm. long. — Kocky banks, etc., south-
ern Texas, southern Florida. [Northeastern Mexico.] June-
October.

249

Fig. 231. Triodia texana S. Wats. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 :
4G6. — A slender, wiry grass 3 to 6 dm. high, witli very uarrov^-
leaves and loosely fevv-tiowered, iioddiug panicles 10 to 15 cm.
long. — Eicli valley land, dry places, etc., Louisiana and Texas to
Arizona. [Northern Mexico.] .Inne-Augnst.

250

Fig. 232. Triodia ambigua ( Ell.) Yasey ; Beal, Orassea N. Am.,
2 : 4(35, sub. SienliiKjut { I'oa iimh'uiKa Ell.). — An erect perennial (i to
12(lni. high, with narrow, tlat leaves and open, pyr.iniidal panicles
10 to 20 cm. long. — Dry, open, pine harrens near the coast, South
Carolina to Texas. July-Oitoher.

251

Fig. 233. Triodia albescens ''Miinro* Vasey ( SiegHttgia albes-
cens Kuntze); Beal, Grasse- N. Aiu., 2 : 469. — A caspitor-e. erect
perennial 4 to 7 dm. high, with narrow, flat leaves and densely
flowered, sftike-like panicles 9 to 1.5 cm. long. — Texas. August—
Octoljer.

252

Fig. 234. Triodia nealleyi Vasey ; Bull. Torr. Bot. Club.. 15 : 49
(1888) ; {SiegUni/ia neaUeyi Dewey ; ISeal, Grasses N. Aui.. 2 : 470). —
A sleuder, glaucous, ca'spitose pereunial, 3 to 4 dm. high, with Hat
or couduplicate leaves, aud densely flowered, linear or ovoid paui-
cles 4 to 5 cm. long. — Canyons and ridges, southwestern Texas.
September.

253

Fig. 235. Triodia acuminata (Mnnro) Vasey {Sieglingia acu-
minata Kuntze) ; Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 : 470.— A slender, densely
tufted perennial 1 o to 2 dm. high, with short leaves, and simple,
dense, ohlong panicles 1.5 to 3 cm. long. - Poor, gravelly soil, hill-
sides, etc., Texas to Arizona, north to Colorado and Indian Terri-
tory. [Northern Mexico.] April-June,

254

FiG.236. Triodia pulchella HBK. {FiiegUngiapulcheUa Kuntze);
Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2; 468.— A low, deusely tiiftetl aud often
creepiujr pt!ronuial '2 to 1.") cm. bi<;b, with vtny narrow leaves and
crowded spikelets in clusters of three to six, which areequaled or
exceeded by the upper leaves. — Western Texas to Nevada and
southern California. [Northern Mexico.] February-June.

255

Fig. 237. Triplasis americana Beauv. (Sieglingia americana
Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 : 466). — A slender, Ciespitose grass, with
Aviry culms 4 to 9 dni. high, rather short, narrow leaves, and few-
flowered, simple panicles 3 to 10 cm. long; the pubescent awns 5
to 7 mm. long. — Dry, sandy soil near the coast. North Carolina to
Mississippi. July-October.

256

Fig. 238. Redfieldia flexuosa (Thurb.) Yasey {(iraphephorum
(?) ./fexHoswm Thurb.); Britton and Brown, 111. Fl.,1: 186. Red-
field's-(;uass. — A stout, native perennial 6 to 12 dm. high, witli
very long, narrow leaves and diffuse, capillary panicles 25 to 60
cm. long. — Sand hills and "blow-outs,'' Kansas and Nebraska to
Indian Territory, Colorado, and Wyoming. July, August.

257

Fig. 239. DLssanthelium californicum (Niitt. ) Beiith. ; Beal,
Grasses X. Am., 2 : 473 {Stenin-Jdua califoniica Xntt.).^A slender,
glabrous, brauchiug aunual 1 to 3 dm. high, with short, narrow
leaves and coutracted, spike-like panicles 4 to 8 cm. long. — Santa
Catalina Island, southern California, aud Guadaloupe Islands,
Lower California. September.
11162— No. 7 17

258

Fig. 240. Eragrostis neo-mexicana ^'asey; Beal, Grasses N.
Am., 2: 48.3. Ci;ab-ui:ass ini New Mexiio). — A rather stout,
brauchiujf aud leafy annual 3 to 12 dm. Ingh, with Hat leaves and
ample, diffuse panicles 20 to 40 cm. long. — Texas to southern Cali-
fornia (ascends to 1,500 m. in Arizona). August. Avalnahlehay
_gra8.s resembling Teff (E. abyssinica).

259

Fig. 241. Eragrostis purshii ttchrad. Southern Spear-
grass. — Au auimal, 1 to 4 dm. Ligli, with the erect or ascending
culnjs diffusely branching near the base, and diffuse panicles of
suiall, spreading spikelets. — Sandy river hanks, waste ground,
etc.. Massachusetts and Ontario to South Dakota and California,
south to Florida, Texas, and Arizona. [Mexico.] June-October.

260

■""^^

Fig. 242. Eragrostis curtipedicellata Bnckl. ; Britton and
Bro^vu, 111. FL, 1: 190. 8hokt-stalkki> Era(;U(>stis. — A rather
rigid, brauchiii";- perennial 3 to 9 dm. high, with tlat, spreading
leaves and difiuse panicles 20 to 30 cm. long. Related to E. pec-
tinncea. — Prairies, Kansas, Indian Territory, and Texas. July-
September.

261

Fig. 243. Eragrostis pectiuacea (Miclix.) Steud.— Au erect,
csespitose perennial 3 to 9 <Tm. liigli, with a short, stout rootstock
and large, spreading, red-purple panicles. — Dry, sandy soil in the
open, Massachusetts to South Dakota and Colorado, south to
Florida and Texas. J uly-October.

2(i2

Fig. 244. Eragrostis brownei Nees (f). — A widely spreadiug,
braut'liiug perennial, with somewhat wiry culms 2 to .5 dm, loujjf,
and narrow, simple, more or less interrupted panicles of nearly
sessile, ten- to forty-dowered spikelets. — Dooryards and waste
gronnd, Florida. [Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical
regions.] .Inly-Uctober.

263

Fig. 245. Eragrostis hypiioides (Lain.) B. S. F. {Foa hypuoides
Lam.; E. reptidis'Kees). — A prostrate, much- branched, and exten-
sively creeping annual, with ascending, flowering branches 7. .5 to
15 cm. high, spreading leaf blades, narrow and lax or very dense
panicles and long, linear-lanceolate, strongly compressed spike-
lets. — In ditches and sandy banks of streams, Vermont and
Ontario to Florida, Texas. California, and Washington. [Mexico,
West Indies, and .South America.] March-October.

264

Fig. 246. Bragrostis glomerata (Walt.) L. H. Dewey (Poa
glomerata Walt.; P. conferia Ell.; Eragrostis conferin Triu.). — An
erect, rather stout, l)rancbiu^ annual 6 to 9 dm. high, with smooth
sheaths and leaves, and elongated, densely llowered, light-colored
panicles 25 to 60 cm. long. — Low grounds. South Carolina to
Florida and westward to Texas. [Cuba, Mexico, and South
America.] August-November.

265

Fig. 247. Eragrostis frankii Steiid. Short- stalked Meadow-
grass.— A low, diffusely brauched annual 0.8 to 1.5 dm. bigli,
with open, many-flowered panicles 5 to 12 cm. long. — Low, sandy
ground in the open, southern New York to Minnesota, south to
Georgia, Louisiana, and Kansas. August -October.

266

Fig. 248. Eragrostis ciliaris ( i>. ) Link (I'oa ciliaris L.)- — A
ditil'usely braiuliiny, sleuder annual 2 to 5 clni. liigb, with thin,
narrow leaves and densely flowered, cylindrical, spike-like, more
or less iiiterrnpted panicles 5 to 10 cm. long. — Cultivated and
waste ground, Georgia and Florida to Mississippi. [Mexico, West
Indies, and Asia.] .July-October.

267

Fig. 249. Eragrosti,s pluniosaLink.(jE'. ciUar is patetis Chai^m.) . —
A slender, clift'usely branching annual 1 to 4 dm. high, with flat
leaves and oblong, open panicles 5 to 15 cm. long. — Cultivated and
waste ground, southern Georgia and Florida. [Widely distributed
in tropical countries.] July-November,

268

Fig. 250. Eragrostis sessilispica Buckl. ; Britton and Brown,
111. Fl., 1 : 190 {DipJachne r'ujida Vasey). — A sniootL, wiry, ca'spi-
tose iiereunial 3 to 9 dm. liigli, with iiarroM', mostly iuvolute leaves
aud pyramidal panicles, the live- to twelve-tlowercd, appressed
spikelets sessile along the spreading branches. — Dry jirairies,
Kansas to Texas. June-Octoher.

269

Fig. 251. Eatoiiia pennsylvanica (DC.) A. Gray. Eatun's-
GRASS. — A sleucTer, pale-greeu perennial, Avithflat leaf blatles and
narrow terminal panicles. — Wet meadows, low woods, and thick-
ets, Newfoundland and Maine to British Columbia and Washing-
ton, south to Georgia, Mississippi, Texas, and Arizona. April-
August.

270

Fig. 2o2. Eatouia obtusata i Miolix.1 A. Gray. E.\ri-Y Bvxch-
«^ii.\ss. — Atnfteil perenuial 4..''» to G dm. high, with flat leafhlades
ami nirher tleuselv tloweretl. Hoddinji panicles. — I.ovr iirouuii.
ihieriy along streams, usually in shade. Massachusetts and Onta-
rio to Assiuiboia and British ColumT>ia. south to Florida. Texas,
and southern Oalitornia. March-Angust.

271

Fig. 253. Eatonia nitida 'Sprengel; Xash (Aira nitida Spr. ;
Eatonia dudleyi Vasev;. — A slender, erect, and c^spitose jiereu-
Tiial 3 to 6 dm. high, -with short, flat, spreadiug leaves and rather
few-flowered, nodding panicles. — Dry, open woodlands, Rhode
Island and New York westward to ]^orth Dakota, and southward
to North Carolina, Mississippi and Texas. April-.June.

272

Fig. 251. Eatonia filiformis (Chapm.) Vasey ; Beal, Grasses, N.
Am., 2 : 491. — Au erect, tufted i)erennial3 to fidui. high, with very-
long upper iuternodes aud loiii;-, involute, radical leaves. — I>ry,
sandy soil, South Carolina, P'lorida and Texas, north to western.
Tennessee. March, April.

273

Fk;. 255. Cynosurus cristatus L. Dog's-tail-grass. — A
sleniler, erect pereunial 3 to 7A dm. high, with narrow leaves and
rather slender, erect, spike-like panicles. — Sparingly established
in fields and waysides, Newfoundland to Ontario, south to New
Jersey ; Portland, Oregon. [Europe.] .June-August.
11162— No. 7 18

274

Fig. 25G. Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv. ; Britton and
Brown, 111. Fl., 1 : 194. Watkh Whorl-ckass. — A smooth, soft
l)ereunial, with creeping or ascending cnlnis 2 to 6 dm. long, Hat
leaves and open panicles 5 to 20 cm. long, the spreading branches
in whorls. — In swales and along brooks, often in shallow water,
Newfoundland and Labrador, to Quebec and Alaska, south to Ne-
braska, Colorado, and Utah. [Europe and Asia.] June-August.

275

Fig. 257. Melica mutica TValt. (IT. glabra Mx.). — A slender,
loosely cii'spitose, Aviry i^rass 6 to 9 dm. liigh, with flat leaves and
simple or racemose panicles of rather large, nodding, two- to three-
flowered spikelets. — Dry, rocky, open woods and thickets, Penn-
sylvania to Florida and westward to Wisconsin and Texas.
March-Ma V.

27G

Fig. 258. Melica parviflora (Porter) Scribn. (M. mutica parri-
flora Porter; M.porieri, Scribn.)- — A rather slender, erect, smooth
perennial 4 to 7 dm. high, with Hat leaves and narrow pauieles
15 to 25 cm. long. Spikelets pendulous and racemose along the
panicle branches. — Shaded canyons, mountains of Colorado, New
Mexico, Arizona and prairies of Missouri, Kansas, and western
Texas. [Northern Mexico.] Julj'-Septcmber.

277

Fig. 259. Melica spectabilis Scribn. ; Beal, Grasses X. Am., 2:
506. — A cpespitose, stolouitVrons species 3 to 6 dm. high, with
scabrous, fiat leaves, and loosely flowered, nodding, simple pani-
cles 10 to 20 cm. long. — Damp grassy meadows, rich bottom lands,
dry hillsides, etc. (alt. 950to2,400 m.), Montana to Washington and
Oregon, south to Colorado, Wyoming, and Nevada. June-Sep-
tember.

278

Fig. 260. Melica stricta Boland. Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 : 503.
Large-flowered Melica. — A densely csespitose perennial 2 to 5
dm. high from a bnllious liase, with llat, more or less pubescent
leaves, and simple, one-sided panicles 10 to 15 cm. long, hearing
ten to twenty spikelets. — Dry ridges among rocks (alt. 1,850 to
2,700 m.), Nevada, California, and Oregon. .hme-Angust.

279

Fig. 261. Melica bulbosa Geyer; Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2 : 508.
Thick-rooted Buxch-gkass. — A sleuder, erect perennial 3 to 6 or
rarely 9 dm. high, bulbous at the base, with erect leaves and a
narrow, somewhat spike-like panicle 10 to 15 cm. long. — Dry
rocky slopes, moist shady mountain sides, etc. (alt. 900 to 2,700 m.),
Montana and \Yyomingto British Columbia, south to Utah, Nevada,
and Oregon; western Texas. May-July.

280

Fig. 262. Korycarpus diandrus (Michx.) Kuntze; Brittoii
and Brown, 111. Fl., 1: 196; {Diarrhena ainericana Beauv.). — An
erect perennial 6 to 9 dm, high, with long, narrow-lanceolate,
nearly erect leaves and a few-flowered, simple panicle 10 to 25
cm. long. — Rich, rocky, wooded hillsides, Ohio to South Dakota,
south to Georgia, Arkansas, and Indian Territory. August, Sep-
tember.

281

Fig. 263. Pleuropogon refractuni (A. Gray) Benth. (Lopho-
chlmia refract a A. Gray); Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 : 514. Nodding
Pleuropogon. — A slender perenuial 6 to 12 dm. high from creep-
ing rootstocks, with flat leaves and terminal racemes of sis to
ten drooping si:)ike]ets 2 to 3 cm. long. — In swamps antl along
mountain streams (alt. 1,200 to 3,850 m.), California to Washing-
ton. May-August.

282

Fig. 264. Uniola latifolia Michs. Broad-leafed Spike-
grass. — An erect grass, with rather stout, simple culms 6 to 12
dm. high, hroad, spreading leaf, blades and a drooping panicle of
large, Hat spikelets 2 to 3 cm. long. — Low thickets and shaded
hanks of streams, Pennsylv.-inia to Florida, west to Illinois, Kan-
sas, and Texas. June-October.

2R3

Fig. 265. Uuiola paiiiculata L. ; Heal, Grasses N. Am., 2 : .516.
Seaside Oats. — A stout, native perennial 9 to 15 dm. high, with
long, rigid leaves and showy, nodding ^^anicles of many broad
and pale straw-colored spikelets. — Drifting sand of sea bea has,
Virginia to Texas. [West Indies and South America.] May-
October.

284

Fig. 266. Uniola laxa (L.) B. S. P. ; Biittou an<l Brown, 111. Fl.,
1: 197 ( r. gracilis Miclix.).— A sleuder gras:s6 to 9 dm. liigli, with
long, narrow leaf-blades, and a contracted, waud-like, nodding
panicle 15 to 45 < in. long. — In dry .soil, open woods, and banks,
Long Lsland to Florida, west to Kentucky, Tennessee, and Texas.
June-October.

285

Fig. 267. Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene; Brittun and Brown,
111. FL, 1 : 198 (Z>. maritima Raf.). Alkali-grass. — An upright,
wiry grass, 2.5 to .5 dm. high, with strong and widely creeping
rootstocks, rather rigid leaves, and densely flowered panicles.
The grass is ditecious. — Salt marshes along the coast, Maine
to Texas and British Colnmbia to California; alkaline soil in the
interior, Nebraska and Kansas to Montana, eastern Washington,
California, and New Mexico. May -August.

286

Fig. 268. Briza media L. Quaking-grass. — A slender, erect
perennial, with rather short, flat leaf-blades and capillary, spread-
inj^- panicles. — Sparingly naturalized in fields and waste ground, in
Ontario, New England, and California. [Europe and Asia.] May-
July.

287

Fig. 269. Dactylis glomerata L. Orciiai;d-grass.— A coarse,
erect grass 9 to 12 dm. high, forming dense tufts, -with long, flat
leaf blades, and spikelets crowded in dense, one-sided clusters at
the ends of the panicle branches. — Extensively naturalized in
fields and ^Yaste ground, New Brunswick to South Carolina, west
to Manitoba, Idaho, and Colorado, [Europe.] May-August.

288

Fig. 270. Lamarckia aurea (L.) Moench. Golden-top. — A
caispitose, brauclung annual 1 to 3 dm. liigli, with elegant one-
sided panicles 5 to 8 cm. long. — Introduced into southern and
Lower California. [Southern Europe, northern Africa, and Aus-
tralia.] March-May.

289

Fig. 271. Poa chapmaniana Scribu.— A low, csespitose annual
1 to 2 dm. high, with ascending, flat leaves and nsually narrow
panicles 2 to 8 cm. long. Allied to P. annuu, but more strict iu
habit of growth. — Dry sandy soil, southern Illinois to Mississippi
and Georgia. April, May.
11162— No. 7 19

290

Fig. 272. Poa alpina L. Mountain Spear-grass. — A slender
or stout, cicspitose, erect perennial 0.5 to 3 (usually 1.5) dm. bigh,
with rather broad, flat leaves, ;nul spreading ijyramidal panicles
of comparatively large spikelets. — Edges of brooks, open grassy
mountain slopes, canyons, etc., Newfoundland and Quebec to
Hudson Bay and Alaska, south in the mountains to Colorado (alt.
3,600 m.), Utah and California. [Widely distributed, arctic and
subalpiue.] June-August.

291

Fig. 273. Poa pratensis L. Kentucky Blue-grass.— A slen-
der, erect, stolouit'eroiis perennial 3 to 9 dm. hifib, with narrow, flat
leaves and more or less spreading, usnally pyramidal panicles. —
Fields and meadows througliont the United States and Britisli
America, abundantly naturalized in the East, indigenous in tlie
North and West. [Europe and Asia.] Summer. A valuable
pasture grass.

292

Fig. 274. Poa kelloggii Vasey; 111. N. Am. Grasses, 2:79.
Kellogg's SrEAii-GKASs. — A slender, erect or ascending peren-
nial 4 to 6 dm. liigli, with rather long, flat leaves and oi)en pyram-
idal panicles 7 to 10 cm. long. Spikelets two- to four-flowered. — -
California (4705 Bolauder).

293

Fig. 275. Poa sylvestris A. Tiray. Woodland Spear-grass. —
A slender, tufted perennial 3 to 9 dm. high, with an open panicle
10 to 1.5 cm. long, the branches sjireading or reflexed. — Rich
woods and thickets, New York to Wisconsin and Nebraska, south
to North Carolina, Louisiana and Texas. April-July.

294

Fig. 276. Poa brevifolia Mnhl. Southern Spear-grass.— An
erect perennial 3 to 6 dm. high, with running rootstocks, short
cuhn leaves, and a widely spreading, few-flowered panicle. —
Wooded river bluffs and the grassy summits and wooded slopes
of mountains, New Jersey to northern Ohio and Illinois, south to
North Carolina and Tennessee. March-May.

295

Fig. 277. Poa arida Vasey; Britton and Brown, 111. Fl.. 1: 208.
Prairie Spear-gkass. — An erect, often rather rigid, stoloniferous
perennial 3 to 6 dm. high, with tiat or folded, stiff leaves and nar-
row, rather densely flowered panicles 8 to 15 cm. long. — Meadows
and low grounds. Northwest Territory to Kansas and Arizona.
April-August.

296

. Fig. 278. Poa buckleyana Nash; Britton and Brown, 111. Fl.,
1: 208 {Poa tenu'iJ'oUa Uuckley). BuNCH Red-top. — A rather
slender, erect perennial ''hnnch grass" 3 to 6 dm. high, with
nnmerons, soft radical leaves and a narrow panicle. — Usually in
dry soil of ''bench" lands, nionntain slopes, elevated prairies, etc.
(alt. 450 to 3,900 ni.), South 1 )akota to British Columbia, Colorado,
and California. May-September.

297

Fig. 279. Graphephorum melicoideum (Michx.) Beauv. — A
rather slender, erect, pale-green, cii'spitose perennial 3 to Gdni. high,
with flat leaves and loosely flowered, nodding panicles 7 to 14 cm.
long. — Rocky or gravelly river shores, low woods (sometimes pine
woods), etc., Anticosti IsLind to Vermont, Michigan, and North-
west Territory. August, September. (Allied to Trisetum.)

298

Fig. 280. Panicularia aquatica(Sm.) Kimtze {Glyceria aquatica
J. E. Sniitb). Reed Meadow-gkass. — A stont perenuial 9 to 13
tlm. high, with rather broad, flat leaf blades auil an ample open
pauicle. — Shaded banks of streams, wet meadows, moist thickets,
etc., \ew Brunswick to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Tennessee,
Nebraska, New Mexico, and southern California. June-Augu.st.

299

Fig. 281. Panicularia iiervata (Willd.) Kuntze (Glyceria ner-
vata Trin.). Fowl Meadow-grass. — A leafy perennial 3 t<» 9
dm. liigh, with an expanded, nodding panicle, and rather small
spikelets. — Wet meadows, marshes, moist thickets, etc., New-
foundland to Florida, west to British Columbia, California, and
Arizona. June-September.

300

Fig. 282. Panicularia elongata (Torr.) Knntze (Glyceria elon-
gata Trin.) (Poa elongata Torr.). — An erect perennial 6 to 9 dm.
high, with flat leaf blades and narrow, rather densely flowered
panicles. — In rich, wet woods, Newfoundland and New Brunswick
to North Carolina, west to Quebec, Minnesota, and Kentucky.
July-September.

301

Fig. 283. Panicularia pallida (Torr.) Kuutze (Glyceria pallida
Trill. U'hidsorht p<tHida Torr.). Pai.k :Maxx.\-grass. — A pi r-
eiinial, with slender stems 3 to 9 dm. long, ascending i'n m
a more or less decumbent base, and a lax, few-flowered panicle
Avith ascending branches. — Bogs, banks of streams and ponds,
Cape Breton to Ontario, south to Virginia, eastern Tennessee and
Indiana. .June-August.

302

Fig. 284. Panicularia canadensis (Miclix.) Kuntze; Britton
and Brown, 111. FL, 1: 211 [Glyeeria canadetisis Triu.). Kattle-
SNAKE-GUASS. — A .stout, native perennial 6 to 9 dm. bigh, witli
flat leaves, and ample, nodding panicles of rather large spikelets. —
Marshes and ditches. Xewfonndland and Xova Scotia to Minne-
sota, south to New Jersey, Ohio, and Kansas. .lune-August.

303

Fig. 285. Panicularia fluitaiis (L.) Kuntze (Glyceria fluitans
R. Br.). Floating Maxna-ghass. — Au erect grass 9 to 15 dm. high
with somewhat Hatteued culms, long leaves, aud a narrow panicle
about 3 dm. long. — Wet places, often in running water, Newfound-
land to Alaska, south to North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and
California. [Widely distributed in temperate regions.] May-
tteptember.

304

Fig. 286. Puccinellia maritima (Huds.) Pari. (Foa ^naritima
Huds. ; Glijccria murUhna M. &. K.). Sea Spear-grass.— A
slender perennial 2 to 5 dm. high, from creeping i-ootBtocks, with
narrow, flat, or folded leaves, and more or less expanded panicles
8 to 12 cm. long. — Salt marshes and heaches along the coast,
Lahrador to southern New England, and Alaska to British Colum-
bia; also on ballast and Avasto ground in sea ports farther south.
[Europe and Asia.] July, August.

305

Fig. 287. Festiica elatior arundinacea (Schreb.) Hack. Reed
Fescue. ^A stout, leafy perenniiil 'J to 12 dm. high, with broad,
flat leaves, and ample, elongated panicles often 3 dm. long. — Intro-
duced here and there, District of Columbia, Michigan, Utah,
Oregon, etc. [Europe.] August.
11162— No. 7 20

306

Pig. 288. Festuca elatior pratensis (Hiiils.) Hack. Meadow
Fescue. — An upright perennial H to 9 dm. high, with numerous
flat leaves and a rather narrow panicle 10 to 20 cm. long. — In
fields and waysides, introduced, Nova Scotia to North Carolina,
west to Washington, Oregon, and Kansas. June-August.

307

Fig. 289. Festuca rubra glaucescens Hack.; Beal, Grasses
N. Am., 2 : 606. Tennessee Fescue. — A slender perennial 3 to 6
dm. high, with crc'eping rootstocks, erect or ascending stems, very
narrow, usually glaucous leaves, and lax, nodding panicles. Forms
a dense turf. — Bluffs of Cumberland River, Nashville, Tenn. May.

308

Fig. 290. Bromus inermis Leyss. Smooth Bi!OME or Hunga-
RiAX Brome-gi;a?'.s. — An erect i)erenuial 6 to In dm. higb, witli
creeping rootstocks, open panicles 12 to 18 cm. long, and live- to
nine-flowered, awnless spikelets 2 to 3 cm. long. — A native of
Europe, introduced and cultivated in many parts of the United
States for bay. June, July,

309

Fig. 291. Bromus secalinus L. Chess or Cheat. — An erect
aiiuual G to ti dm. liigli, with Hat leaves, more or less expauded
panicles, and turgid, short-awned spikelets, which are pendulous
in fruit. — Naturalized in cultivated and waste grounds, especially
in grain fields. [Europe and Asia.] June-August.

310

Fig. 292. Bromus brizaeformis Fiscb. & Mey. Briza-like
Brome-gkass. — A slender, erect, ca'Spitose annual 2to5clm. bigh,
with soft, flat leaves and nodding panicles of large ten- to iifteen-
flowered spikelets 2 to 3 cm. long. — Meadowsand cultivated fields,
introduced, Montana to Wasbington, south to Utah, Nevada, and
California; sparingly in Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsyl-
vania. [Europe and Asia.] .June-August.

311

FiG.293. Biomus unioloides (Wilkl.) HBK. Rescue-grass. —
An orect, usually auuuiil grass, 3 to 9 dm. liigli, with more or less
pubescent, ll:it leaf blades, aud usually nodding, loose panicles of
rather largt\ strongly llatteucd s])ikelets. — Prairies and dry, sandy
fields, Indian Territory and Texas to Arizona; naturalized in Ala-
bama. [Mexico and South America.] March-July.

312

Fig. 294. Nardus stricta L. ; Britton and Brown, 111. Fl., 1:
224. Wire Bent. -A glabrous, densely ca'spitose perennial, with
stout, creeping rootstocks, setaceous leaves, and erect, tiliform,
rigid culms, 10 to 20 cm. liigh. — Introduced at Amherst, Mass.;
tocky river banks, Newfoundland. fEuroi)e, Greenland and
Azores.] August.

313

Fig. 295. Loliuni pereune L. Rye-gkass.^A smooth, leafy
perennial 3 to 9 dm. liigli. with slender, terminal spikes 7.5 to 25
cm. long. — Lawns, fields, and waysides, naturalized, Canada to
North Carolina, west to Ohio and Tennessee ; California and Ari-
zona. [Europe and Asia.] May-August.

314

Fig. 296. Lolium italicum A. Br. Italian Rve-grass. — A
biennial or perennial grass 6 to 9 dm. Ligb, with slender, usually
somewhat nodding, terminal spikes, andshort-awned spikelets. A
valuable hay grass. — Introduced here and there through cultiva-
tiou, especially on the Pacific Slope.

315

Fig. 2117. Scribneria bolanderi (Tliurb.) Hack. (Lepturus
bolanderi Thurb.). Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 : 634. — A slender,wiry,
cfespitose annual 1 to 2 dm. high, witli short, narrow leaves and
terminal, slightly compressed spikes. — Sterile grounds, hillsides,
aud roadsides, Washinntou to California. May.

316

Fig. 298. Agropyron repens (T..) r>eanv. {Triticum repeiii^ L.;.
Coucii-UHA.ss. — All erect, stolouileiou.s perennial 3 to 12 dm. hip^b.
■with flat leaves, vrbich are pilose alouu the nerves above, and
terminal, densely flowered spikes. — Naturalized in lawns, way-
sides, and cultivated jironnd. Newloundland and Cape Breton to
Northwest Territory, south to Idstiict of ('(dumbia, Ohio, and
Iowa. [Europe and Asia.] .Iime-Septeniber.

317

Fig. 299. Agropyron scribneri Vasey ; Beal, Grasses N.Am.,
2 : 638. — A densely Citspitose perennial 2 to 5 dm. high, with
ascending culms, flat leaves, and bearded spikes 5 to 7 cm. long,
which readily break ui> at maturity. — Summits of mountains
(alt. 1,800 to 4,200 m.), Montana to Colorado and Arizona. August.

318

Fig. 300. Hordeum boreale .'^cribii. A- Smith, Hull. I, Div.
Agrost., 28 (1897). Xoktiiehn Wild Barley. — A sleuder, erect
and apparently perennial grass 3 to 6 dm. high, with rather
broad, tlat leaves, smooth cnliiis and terminal s]iike.s 7 to 10 cm.
long. — Mountains of California to Alaska and Bering Sea islands.
June, July.

319

Fig. 301. Elymus arenarius L. Sea Lyme-grass. — A stout,
erect perennial 6 to 12 dm. high, witli extensively creeping root-
stocks, rather firm, flat, sharii-pointed leaves and terminal, usually
densely flowered spikes X to 25 cm. long. Glumes usually villous. —
In maritime sands, Greenland and Labrador to Maine; Alaska to
California and on the shores of the Great Lakes. [Europe and
Asia.j July, August.

320

Fig. 302. Asperella hystrix (L.) Moench {Asprella W. not
Schreb. ; Hjistrix jxitulti Moeurh; (hjmnosticlnim hi/strix Selireb.).
Bottle Brush. — A smooth, ca-si>itosc i»eieuiiial 6 to 12 dm. bigb,
witb rather broad, flat leaves and terminal s])ikes 6 to 12 cm. lonjr.
Spikelets widely sitifadin^ at maturity. — Fertile, rocky woods,
New Brunswick and Ontario to Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, and
Minnesota. June-August.

INDEX TO THE COMMON NAMES.

Page.

Alkali-grass 285

Saccatone 74

American Oat 183

Banner Sorghum 34

Barlej- 14

Barnyard-grass 82

Beaeli grass 167

Bearded-joint 77

Sbort-bu.vk 130

Beard-grass ISO

Bermuda-grass 189

Big Blue-stem 32

Bitter Panic-grass 73

Black Bunch-grass 38

Grama 37

Mountain Rice 110

Blue Grama 222

Bottle Brush 32U

Branching Foxtail 8.3

Bristly Mesiinite 223

Briza-like Brome-grass 310

Broad-leafed Spike-grass 282

Brook-grass 27

Broom Sedge 28

Buffalo-grass 12,238

Bunch Eedtop 290

Burk's Grama 225

California Hair grass 172

California Timothy 99

Canary-grass 10

Carpet -grass 42

Catch-tly-grass 92

Cheat 309

Chess 309

Clustered Salt-grass 230

Common Reed 247

Cotta-grass 241

11162— No. 7 21

Page.

Cotton-grass 00

Couch-grass 316

Crab-grass 9, 258

Creek Sedge 195

Creeping Mesquite 36

Panic 70

Reimaria 40

Crowfoot-grass 228

Densely-tiovrered Bent 155

Plume-grass 21

l>og's-tail-grass 273

Downy Oat-grass 178

Early Bunch-grass 270

Wild Oat-grass 171

Platen 's- grass 269

Elliott's Broom Sedge 30

Paspalura 41

English Ray-grass 14

E verlasting-gi ass 53

False Buftalo-grass 245

Feather-grass 237

Few-flowered Sorglium 35

Fine-toi) Salt-grass 145

Flat-stemmed Panic 71

Sporobolus 143

Floating Foxtail 133

:Maiina-grass 303

Florida .\mphicarpon 51

Paspalum 48

Fowl Meadow-grass 299

Fox-grass 192

Freshwater Cord grass 191

Galleta 8, 39

Gama-grass 19

Gibbons Panic-grass 65

Golden Top 288

Goose-grass 227

321

322

Page.

Green Foxtail 83

Hairy Grama 220

Havanls Grama 216

Herd's grass 11

Hungarian Brome-grass 308

Hungariau-ffrass 86

Indian Corn 7

Indian-grass 33

Millet 115

Ket'd 152

Italian :Millet 86

Ray grass 14

Kyo-grass 314

Jamaica Crab-grass 6i

Jungle Kice 81

Kellogg's Spear-grass 292

Kentucky Blue-grass 13. 291

Knot-grass 43

Large-flowered Melica 278

Large-leafed Tanilla-grass 102

Large Water-grass 49

Lemmon's Wool-grass 54

Little Blue-stem 31

Crab-grass 56

Lizard-tail grass 24

I.,onga\vued Poverty-grass 100

Long-leal'ed Sporoholus 139

Long-spiked Bur-grass 88

Long-stalked Panic 80

Louisiana-grass 42

Maize 7

Many-flowered Tricliloris 208

Manj'-spiked Chloris 205

Marram grass 107

Marshy Oat -grass 177

Mat-grass 23

Meadow Fescue 306

Foxtail 134

Mexican Dropseed 118

Millet 9

Mission-grass 90

Morton's Oat-grass 184

Mountain Foxtail 135

Hair grass 176

Spear-grass 290

!Naked Beard-grass 209

Page.

Kealley's Leptocliloa 234

Nimble Will 117

Xit-grass 159

Xodding Oat -grass 18S

Pleuropogon 281

Xiirtbern Panic-grass 76

Wild Barley 318

Oat-like Hair-grass 1 75

Oats 12

One-flowered Grama 212

Orcbardgra.ss 13,287

Pale .Manna-grass 301

Phippsia 136

Porcupine-grass 107

Prairie-grass 137

Spear-grass 295

Puri)le Canary -grass 97

Purple grass 239

Pursb's Ampbicar]>ou 50

Quaking-grass 286

Kattlesiiake-grass 302

Kedtield's grass 256

Keed Fescue 305

Meadow grass 298

Rescue-grass 311

Kice 9

Rice Cut-grass 94

Kocky Mountain Oat-grass 179

Ilotlirock's G rama 221

lIoMgli Foxtail 84

Leptocbloa 233

Round-flowered Panic 75

Rusb-like Spartina 194

Timothy 131

Rye 14

Rye-grass 313

Salt Cedar 244

Reed-grass 190

Sand Bur 87

Sea Lj-me-grass 319

Sea Spear-grass 304

Seaside Finger-grass 200

Oats 283

Sbort-awned Grama 219

Keed-grass 101

Short-haired Reed-grass 168

323

Page-.

Short-leafed Beard-grass 21n

Short-stalked Eragrostis 260

Meadow-grass 2G5

Side Oats 213

Silky Oat-grass 188

Silver Beard 29

Panic-grass 58

Silvery Beard-grass 29

Hair-grass 1 "0

Oat-grass 181

Six- weeks Mesquite 214

Slender Cut-grass 96

Slender-flowered Dropseed 119

Slender Hair-grass 174

Oat -grass 180

Panicnni 57

Paspalum 44

Sloufh grass 22G

Small-flowered Mountain Rice 114

Small ( "rrama 224

Small-jointed Panic-grass 64

Smooth Brome :!08

Chloris 198

Crab-grass 55

Paspalum 45

Smut-grass 144

Soft Wool-grass 52

Southern Canary -grass 98

Spear-grass 259, 294

Water-grass 59

Spider Bent grass 158

Sprouting Crab-grass 69

Strong-scented Sporobolus 139

Sugar Cane 7

Swamp Poverty-grass 104

Sweet Vernal-grass 10, 100

Switch-grass 72

Tall Grama 213

Page.

Tall Oat-grass 185

Tennessee Fescue 307

Oat-grass 187

Texan Crah-grass 211

Grama 215

Texas Blue-grass 13

Millet 62

Thatch 195

Thick-rooted Bunch-grass 279

Thread-like Muhlenbergia 126

Timothy 11,132

Toothache-grass 196

Torrey's Silver Beard-grass 26

Tufted Hair-grass 173

Vanilla-grass 10, 101

Velvet-grass 169

Vine Mesquite-grass 63

Viscid Leptochloa 231

Warty Panic-grass 67

Water Wliorlgrass 274

Western Cord-grass 193

Wheat 14

White-grass 95

White Mountain Eice Ill

Wihl :\rillot 116

Mountain Pice 113

Oat-grass 186

Timothy 121

Winduiill-grass 203

Wire Bent 312

Wire-grass 103

Wiry Grama 218

Woodland Dropseed 120

S])ear-grass 293

Woolly -jointed Grama 217

Poverty -grass 105

AVrinkly -flowered Paspalum 46

Tard-grass 227

INDEX TO THE LATIN NAMES.

[Tribes in small capitals and synonyms in italics.]

Page.

^gilops aromatica 19(5

iEgopogon 8

Agrojjyron 1-t

repens 316

SL-ribneri :U7

AGROSTIDE^ 10, 12

Agrostis 10, II

arachnoides 158

asper 137

coarctata 154

compressa 143

densitlora 155

diegdt-nsis . . 157

elliottiana 158

foliosa ; 57

humilis 153

varians 153

Aira V2

cai yophyllea 170

danthonioides 175

nitida 271

prtecox 171

subspicata 178

Alopecurus 10. 11

geuiculatus 133

occidentalis 135

pratensis 134

Ammophila 11

arenaria 167

arundinacea 107

Amphicarpon 9

tioridantim 51

purshii 50

Andropogon 7

argjTiEua 29

elliottii 30

Page.

Andropogon. /Kcco^ifS 32

gloaieratus 27

macrourus 27

nutans Xi

l)au(iflorM,s .35

polydactylon 205

provincialis 7,32

sacchuroide.s 26

scopariu.'s 31

secuudus 34

torreyanu.i 26

nnilati'rali.s 34

virginicus 7,28

ANUROPOGONE.^ 7

Antba'nantia 9

Antboxautlniiu 10

odoratuin 100

Apcra 11

Arctagrostis 11

Ari.stida 11

gossyiiina 105

latiata 105

paliistris 104

stricta 103

tul)erculo.sa IOC

Arrlicnatberiini 12

elatius 185

Aiiindinnria 15

Ariinild 13

hrt'vipilis 168

phrarniiites 247

vulgaris 247

A.sperella 14

hystrix 320

Asprella hystrix 320

Avena 12

325

326

Page.

4. vena americana 183

elatior 185

liookeri 183

mortoniiina 184

sativa 12

gpicata 186

AVENEiE 11,12

BA.MisrsE.B 14

Beckmannia 12

erucit'l'ormis 226

Blepharidachne 13

Bouteloua 12

aristidoidcij 214

Lreviseta 219

bnrkii 225

curtipendula 213

ei'iopoda 217

havardi 216

hirsuta 223

oligostachya 222

racemosa 213

ramosa 218

rothrockii 221

texana 215

trifida 224

uniflora 212

vestita 220

Brachyely trnm 11

aiiitaUim 130

erectum 130

Briza 13

media 286

Bromus 13

brizaeformis 310

inermls 308

secalinus 309

spicatus 229

unioloides 311

Buchlo'e 12

dactyloides 238

Bulbilis 12

dactyloides 238

Calamagrostis aleutica 163

bolamleri 165

breviseta 161

crassiglumia 160

Paga
Calamagrostis deschampsioides ... 1 62

howellii 166

p ickeruigii 161

tweedyi 164

Calamovilfa 11

brevipilis 168

Campulosus 12

aromaticus 196

chapadeusis 197

Capriola 12

dactylon 189

Catabroaa 13

aquatica 274

Cathestecum 13

erectum 242

prostratuui 242

Cenchrus - - - 9

granularis 24

luyosuroides 88

tribuloides 87

Chsetochloa 9, 86

composita 85

corrugata 84

glauca 83

viridis 83

Chloride.*: 12

Chloris 12

alba 204

cucullata 202

dithia 235

elegaiis 204

floridaua 199, 201

glauca 198

neglecta 199, 201

petrsea 200

polydactylou 205

swartriau a 200, 201

texensis 206

verticillata 203

Cinna 10, 11

ariindiiiacea 152

iiiacioura 148

Coleauthus 6, 11

Colpodium 13

Corynephorux 12

Cottea 13

327

Page.

Cottea pappophoroides 241

Crypsis schcenoides 131

Ctenivm 12

axiericanurn 196

chapadense 197

Cynodon 12

dactylon - 189

Cynosuru8 13

cvrjyptius 228

crista tiis 273

Dactylis 13

glomerata 13,286

maritima 195

patenn 192

Dactyloctenium 12

(egyptiacum 228

pegyptium 228

Uanthonia 12

coinpreasa 187

serioea 188

spicata 186

Deschampsia 12

atropiirpiirea 176

calyciua 175

elongata 174

fiexuosa 173

holciformis 172

Diarrhena 13

americana 280

Digitaria serotina 56

Diplachne dtihia 235

iinbricata 232

reverchoni 229

rigida 268

spicata 229

viscida 231

Dissanthelium 13

califomiciini 257

Distichlis 13

maritima 285

spicata 285

Dupontia 13

Eatonia 13

dudleyi 271

fllilbrmis 272

nitida 271

Page.

Eatonia obtusata 270

pennsylvanica 269

Eleusine 6, 12

indica 227

Eliouuru.s 7

barbiculmis 25

Elymus 14

arenarius 319

Epicampes 11

ligulata 149

rigens 148

Eragrostis 13

abyssinica 258

britwnii 262

ciliaris 266

conferta 264

curtipedicellata 260

fraukii 265

glomerata 264

bypnoidea 263

neo-mexicana 258

pectinacea 260,261

pliiinosa 267

purshii 259

reptans 263

8es.silispica 268

Eremoehloe 13

Erianthus 7

compaitus 21

strictus 22

Eriochloa 9

leniiiioni 54

mollia 52

punctata 53

Eriocoma cu.spidata 115

Euchla-ua 7

Eustachys Jforidana 201

glauca 198

Festuca 13

elatior arundinacea 305

elatior prateiisis 306

rubra glaucescena 307

Festcce.e 11,13

Gastridium . 11

australe 159

lendigerum 159

328

I'age

Olycena 13

a-j iiatica 29S

caitadi-iisis .. 3J2

elongata 300

ftuitans 303

maritima 304

nervata 290

pallida 30 1

Gramineje 5

Grapheiihiiriiiii 13

jlexujsum 250

melicoideum 297

Grefiiia aikanxana 151

Gymnopogon 12

ambigiuis 209

brevitblius 2 lo

racemosus 20S)

Gi/m noKtichum hystrix 320

Gyiierium 13

Hackelochloa 7

grauularis 24

Heleochloa 11

Sfli(viioiilos 131

Hemarthfia/anclculata 23

Mierochlo'c 1"

boreaUn 101

macrophijlla 102

Hilaria iS

cencbroides 30

janiesii 38

miitiia 37

rigida 39

Hokus... 10,12

lanatus 1*59

Homalocenclirus 9

hexandrus 93

leuticularis 92

luonandrus 96

orv/oidfs '.'4

virgiuicus 95

Horded 1 *

Hordeum 11

borealo 318

Hydrochloa 9

Hystrix patula 320

Imperata "i

rage.

luilierata 6ccf(/'oiia 20

caudala 20

liookeri 20

Isch(einiim seciindatum 90

Kd'lciia 13

Koiycarims 13

diaiidriis 280

Lagurus 11

Latiiarckia 13

aiin>a 288

Lei'r.sia 9

l(t'.va)idra 93

I'liliciilarh 92

iiiinandra 9G

oryzoides 94

virgin ica 95

Leptocdiloa 12

diibii 235

fasciciilaris 230

imbrieata 232

lanjloisii 233

niucroiiata 237

uoaileyi 234

priuglfi 2J6

scabra 233

s])ifata 220

strictd 234

viseida 231

Lei)turiis 14

b danderi 315

Li'sourdia kanri)ii,kyana 243

inultiflora 243

Limni)dia 11

arkonsaua 151

Loliiiiii 14

ilaliciini 314

perenni' 313

Lophoclilcena refracta 281

Liiziiila 9

alabauK'iisis 91

Lyrnrurt 11

Maiiisuris 7

coiiipressa 23

granulans 24

Mavde.*: 6

Melica 13

329

Page,

Melica bulbosa 279

(jlnhra 2~'>

iiiiiticii 275

pariviflora 27C

porteri 270

.spectaliilis 277

stricta 278

Milium 11

eft'iisum ll(i

len'li'jertim 159

Mlacantliiis 7

Moliiiiii 1.'!

Moiiautbochloi- 13

littoralis 244

Muhlenbergia 11

diffusa 117

filiculniis 120

glo liKrafa 1 21

gracilis 12!)

gracillima 124

mexicana 118

porteri 123

prin jilci 122

pungcns 125 1

racemosa 121

scbaffneri 127

syl vatica 1 20

teuuitiora 11.9

texana 123 j

virescen.s 128

villdcnovii 119

Munroa 13

Sfiuarrosa 245

Nard uh 14

stricta . 312

Xazia 8

Oplisraenm 9

Orcuttia 13

californica 246

Oryza sati va 9

( )KVZE.*: 9

Oryzopaia 11

asperifolia Ill

cxigua 113

fiinbriata 112

kinyii 108

Page.

Oryzopsis melanocarjia 1](>

meinbranacia 115

micrautha 114

mdugolica. 109

Pasicace^ 6

P ANICBLfi 8

Panlcularia 13

aquaiica 298

canadcusis 302

ebuigata 300

fluitans 303

nervata 299

pallida 301

Panicum 9

aiiianim 73

ancejis 71

barbulatum 77

boreale 76

bulbosam 74

colonuiii 81

coliitiibiannni 78

corrvAjd turn 84

crus-galli 82

dactylon 189

demissuni 79

filipes 68

gibbuin 65

glahruia 55

gracillimum 57

grossarium 61

hians 66

lanatiim 00

leucophceum 60

lineare 55

longipedunculatum 80

nielicariuiii 66

molle 52

naahiauuni 79

obtusum 63

paspaloide.s 59

phccotbrix 58

proliferuni 69

repens 70

sanguinalu 18&

serotiiium 56

sphaerocarpon 75

330

Page.

Panirum stenodes 64

texanum 1)2

verniconuui 67

virgatuni 72

viride 83

Pappophoriuu 13

ajiertuiu 240

horeah' 239

wriglitii 239

Paapalum 9, 12

compressnm 42

<littoriiic 47

(liilitaria 41

dilatatmu 49

distichum 43

ellioftii 41

fioridanuiu 48

lave 45

ovaUi III 49

paspaloides 41

jAatiicavle 42

pli(,atulum 46

setaceuiii 44

Pennisetum 9

setosum 89

Pereilema 11

Phalaride^ ID

Phalaris 10

arnethystina 97

angusta 99

caroliiiiaiia 98

eriiC'vfonn is 226

inter iiieiliit 98

Pharus 9

Phipi'isia 11

algida 136

Phleuui 11

pratense 132

schcenuides 131

Phraginitea 13

commwiis 247

vulgaris 247

Pleuropogon 13

refractum 281

Pleuraphis rigida 39

Poa 13

Page.

Poaalpina 290

a iiibiijua 250

aiida 295

brevifolia 294

bucklevana 296

chapiuaniana 289

ciliaris 266

couj'erta 264

elougata 300

glomerata 264

hypntiides 263

kelloggii 292

maritiiiia 304

prati-iisis 291

syl vestris 293

tiiiiii/olia 296

POACE^lO 9

Polypogon 11

iiionspelienais 150

I'licciiifUia 13

inaritiiiia 304

Redtieldia 13

tiexiiosa 256

Relinaria 9

oligostachya 40

Ii'iitlbceUia 7

eompressa 23

Saciliarniii 7

Savastaua 10

iiiacrophjila 102

odoiata 101

Schedonuardus 12

pauiculatus 211

texanits 211

Srleiopogdii 13

brevifoliiis 243

Scolocliloa 13

Scriliueria 14

Ijolaiideii 315

Secale 14

Setaria 9

compoxita 85

eorriigata 84

italica 86

viridis 83

Siegliugia 13

331

Page.

SierjUngia acuminata 253

albescens 251

americana 255

eragrostoides 248

nealleyi 252

2)i'lchclla 254

Sorghum paticiflorum 35

Spartina 10. 12

cynosuroides 191

densijlora 1 94

glabra 195

gonini 194

gracilis 193

jwicea 192

juncitbraiis 194

patens 192

polystacbya 190

stricta juaritima 195

Sporobohis 6, 11

airoide.s 145

argiitiis 14G

aaper 137

conipressns 143

conf'n.sus 147

curtisii 142

floridanus 141

heterolepi.s 139

indicu.s 144

interrui)tua 140

longifoliiis 138

Stenochloa californica 257

StenotapLruiii 9

a mericanum 90

secundatum 90

Stipa U

kingii 1U8

membranacea 115

iiiougolica 109

spartea 107

Syntherisma linearis 55

se rutin a ; 50

TJi u rberia 11

arkansana 151

Trachynotia polysfachya 190

Page.

Traehypogon 7

Tragus g

Tricbloris 12

blaiichardiana 207

fagciciilnta 207

pluriflora 208

Tricuspis monstrosa 243

Triodia 13

acuminata 253

albescens 251

anibigua 250

eragrostoides 248

nealleyi 252

pulchella 254

tesana 249

Triplasis americana 255

Tripsacinu 7

dactyloides 19

Trisetum 12

canescens 181

cernuuui 182

elongatum 180

interruptum 180

montaninii 179

palustre 177

siibsjiicatuni 178

TRISTEGISE.i: 8

Triticum 14

repens 310

Uniola 13

gracilis 284

latifolia 282

laxa 284

paniculata 283

Vilfa arguta 146

rlgeng 148

AVeingwrtneria 12

Windsoria pallida 301

Zea 7

Zizania 9

Zizaniopsis 9

Zoysia 8

ZOYSIE.E 8

6; 2^ '8'/
Bulletin No. 7, Revised Edition.

U. S. DEPAETMENT OF AGEIGULTUEE.

DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY.

[Grass and ITorage Plant Investigations.]

AMEIUCAN GRASSES -I

(I X.LXJSTIt.A.T'BID. )

BY

F. L^^:M:sonsr-sci?,iBisrEi?,,

AGROSTOLOGIST.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1898.

Bulletin No. 7, Revised Edition.

U, S, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DIVISION OF a<;rostolo(jt.

[Grass and Forage Plant investigations.]

AMERICAN GRASSES-I.

(ILLXJSTR A-'X-ED. )

BY

^- i--^^nvEsoisr-scE,iS3srEE,,

AGROSTOLOGIST.

WASHINGTOX:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1898.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Division of Agrostology,
Washhu/ton, D. C, April 22, 1898.

Sir : I submit herewith copy for a new and revised
edition of Bulletin No. 7 of this division and recommend
its publication. This bulletin contains 302 illustrations
of native and introduced grasses, accompanied by brief
descriptions and notes upon the distribution of each.
The law governing the publications of this Department
limited the first edition of Bulletin No. 7 to 1,000 copies,
which was quickly exhausted; and as applications for
it are continually being received, a new edition is neces-
sary to meet this demand. There are also some slight
revisions and corrections necessary to bring the work up
to date. Manuscript for a similar bulletin illustrating
over 300 additional species is now ready for the press,
and when published can be bound with No. 7, which
may be treated as Part I of "American Grasses Illus-
trated." Notes upon the use and value of the species
of economic interest M^ere published in Bulletin No. 3
of this division, "Useful and Ornamental Grasses."

The drawings are all from carefully selected specimens,

the habit sketches being made by Mr. A. H. Baldwin.

The enlarged details were drawn by myself, with the

exception of a few which were made by Miss M. D.

Baker. The engraving is the work of Mr. L. S. Williams

and Mr. George P. Bartle. The work has all been done

in the office of the division, with the exception of that

performed by Mr. Bartle.

Respectfully, F. Lamson-Scribner,

Agrostologist.
Hon. James Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.

INTRODUCTION.

In order to make the present publication more useful
to students of grasses, the order Graminete and the sev-
eral tribes into which the order has been divided by our
best authorities are here briefly characterized. Under
the tribes the genera which are native or have been
introduced are enumerated, and those having species
figured in this bulletin are marked with an asterisk (*).

GRAMINEiE— GRASSES.

Characters of the order. — Fibrous-rooted, annual or perennial,
herbaceous (rarely woody) plants, with usually hollow, cylindri-
cal (rarely flattened) and jointed stems (oulms) whose interuodes
for more or less of their length are enveloped by the sheath -like
basal portion of the two-ranked and usually linear, parallel -veined
leaves ; flowers without any distinct perianth, hermaphrodite
or rarely unisexual, solitary or several together, in spikdets,
which are arranged in panicles, racemes, or spikes, and which con-
sist of a shortened axis (the rachilla) and two or more chaff-like,
distichous imbricated bracts {glumi'8),oi which the first two,
rarely one or none or more than two, are empty {empty glumes) ; in
the axil of each of the succeeding bracts (excepting sometimes
the uppermost) is borne a flo-wer (hence these are named //ofcerni/;
glumes). Opposed to each flowering glume, with its back turned
toward the rachilla, is (usuallj) a two-nerved, two-keeled bract
or prophylluni {the palea), which frequently envelops the flower
by its infolded edges. At the base of the flower, between it and
its glume, are usually two very small hyaline scales {lodicules) ;

5

6

rarely there is a third lodicule between the flower and the palea ;
stameus, usually three (rarely two or one, or mure than three)
with very slender filaments and two-celled, usually versatile
anthers ; pistil with a one-celled, one-ovuled ovary, and one to
three, usually two, styles with variously Ijranched, most fre-
quently plumose, stigmas; embryo small, lying at the front and
base of the seed, covered only by the thin pericarp; fruit a
caryopsis, rich in albumen. (lu Sporoholus and Ehusine the thin
pericarp is free from the seed. )

Number of species. — There are about thirty-five hundred
known species of grasses, varying in size from the moss-
like Colecmthus of the Xorth to the tree-like bamboos of
the Trollies, which tower to the height of 30 m. or more;
and ranging in distribution from Kerguelen Land on
the South to the extreme limit of vegetation beyond the
Arctic Circle. There is no order of plants more widely
distributed, or existing under a greater diversity of soil
and climate, and no other order presents such a vast
number of individual plants or is so important and
directly useful to man.

Series A. — Panicace.b.

Sliikelets one- rarely two-flowered ; when two-flowered
the second or terminal one is perfect, the first or lower
one being either staminate or neuter; rachilla articu-
lated below the empty glumes, the spikelets falling from
the pedicels entire, either singly, in groups, or together
with the joints of an articulate rachis. The first six
tribes belong to this series.

Tribe l.—Maydea'.

Spikelets unisexual, the staminate forming a part of the inflo-
rescence with the pistillate, or each in a separate inflorescence on
the same plant; flowering glumes hyaline or much less lirni
in texture than the outer ones; axis of the female spikelets
usually articulated.

This is a small tribe, numbering only sixteen species
classed in seven genera. They are nearly all natives
of the Tropics, chiefly in the Old World. Indian corn,
or maize, is our best known example of the Maydete.

Euchlpeua Sclirad.
Zea Linn.
Tripsacum Linn.*

Tribk II. — Androjyogonece.

Spikelets in spike-like racemes, two at each joint of the articu-
late rachis, one sessile and hermaphrodite, one pedicellate, the
latter hermaphrodite, staminate, neuter, or reduced to the pedicel
alone; flumes usually four, the first and second empty, larger
and much firmer in texture than the others, the third usually
empty, with a staminate flower in its axil, very rarely awned, the
fourth or flowering glume hyaline, usually awned, awn usually
twisted or geniculate.

This tribe contains about four hundred species divided
among- twenty-nine genera, of which the genns Andropo-
gon, with one hundred and ninety species, is by far the
largest and probably the most important. Sugar cane
belongs to this tribe in the genus Saccharum. Our best
known representatives of the Andropogonete are the
common broom sedge, Andropogon virginicus, and the
big blue stem, Andropogon provincialis. In the same
genus are now classed our species of sorghum. The
members of the tribe are distributed throughout the
tropical and warmer regions of both hemispheres.

Imperata Cyr.* Hackelochloa Kuutze.*

MiscauthusAuderss. (Manisuris Sw. not Linn.)

Saccharum Linn. Trachypogon Nees.

Erianthus Michx,* Elionuriis HBK. *

Manisuris Linn.* Andropogon Linn.**
(RotthoeUia Linn, f.)

8

Tribe III. — Zoysieiv.

Spikelets solitary or iu groups of two to eight, each group fall-
ing as a whole from the continuous rachis, usually one-flowered,
hermaphrodite, or staminate and hermaphrodite iu the same
group; flowering glume less firm iu texture than the awned or
awnless outer ones, which are herbaceous, chartaceous, or coria-
ceous ; the first glume is usually larger than the second.

A small tribe, numbering about twenty-five species
whicli represent nearly half that number of genera.
Fifteen species are natives of the tropical and warmer
temperate regions of America. Black grama, or Qal-
leta, as the Mexicans name it, species of Hilarla^ are
our best-known representatives of the tribe.

Hilaria Kunth.* Nazia Adans. {Tragus llaW).

^gopogon HBK. Zoysia Willd.

Tribe IV. — Tristeginece,.

Spikelets all hermaphrodite, iu panicles ; empty glumes three,
or the third with a staminate flower in its axil, herbaceous or
chartaceous; flowering glumes membranaceous, awned or awn-
less; rachilla articulated below the empty glumes.

A small tribe of only seven genera and thirty-three
species, natives chiefly of the tropical regions of the
Old World. Of the few American species none extend
so far north as the United States.

Tribk V. — Panicew.

Spikelets hermaphrodite, terete or flattened on the back ; glumes
three or four (rarely only two) ; when four there is occasionally a
staminate flower or a palea iu the axil of the third; tbe upper-
most or flowering glume of the hermai)hrodite flower is always
firmer in texture than tbe outer glumes, of which tlie first is
usually smaller than the others; axis of the inflorescence not
articulated, the rachilla being articulated below the emptj'
glumes, the spikelets falling oif singly from their pedicels.

9

This is one of the largest tribes in the order Graml-
ne;e. It contains twenty-two genera with over six hun-
dred and thirty species. Panicwn, the i^rincipal genus,
is the hirgest among grasses, numbering three hundred
species. The Panicew are very widely distributed
throughout the tropical and temj)erate regions of the
world. Crab-grass and the millets are among our best
known examples of this tribe.

Eeimaria Fliigge.* Oplismenus Beauv.

Paspalum Linu." Ch;etochloa Scribn.*
Antha>nantia I3eauv. {Seiaria Auct.)

Amphicarpou Kaf. ^ Cenchrus Liun.*

Eriochloa Kunth.* Pennisetum Pers.*

Panicum Linn.* Stenotaphruni Triu.*

Tribe VI. — Oryzece.

Spikelets usually much compressed laterally, one-flowered,
stamiiiate, pistillate, or liermapbrodite ; empty glumes two or
none, the flower being subtended by the floral glume and palea
alone, the latter one-nerved and regarded by some as a second
glnme; stamens frequently six ; axis of the inflorescence not artic-
ulated.

A small tribe of about forty species divided among
sixteen genera, mostly confined to tropical America.
One of the best known and most extensively used of
the cereals, rice {Oryza sativa), belongs here.

Hydrochloa Beauv. Zizania Linn.

Pharus Linn. . Oryza Linn.

Luziola Juss.* Homalocencbrus Mieg.*

Zizaniopsis Doell and Asch. {Leersia Sw.)

Series B. — Poace^.

Sjiikelets one- to many-flowered, the imperfect or rudi-
mentary flower, if any, usually uppermost; rachilla

10

usually articulated above the empty glumes, so that
these remain after the fall of the fruiting glume.' In
spikelets with two or more flowers these are separated
by a manifest internode of the rachilla, and in such
cases the rachilla is usually articulated below each
floweriug glume.

Tribe VII. — Phalaridece.

Spikelets more or less laterally compressed, one- or rarely three-
flowered ; glumes five, the first two empty and below the articu-
lation of the rachilla, the third and fourth above the articulation,
usually empty, very unlike the outer oues, rarely subtending
staminate flowers, sometimes reduced to mere bristles, the fifth
glume with a one-nerved or nerveless palea and a hermaphrodite
flower.

A small tribe, comprising six genera with about sixty
species of comparatively little importance. Several of
the species, sweet vernal grass and vanilla grass, are
remarkable for possessing a peculiar fragrance due to
their containing coumarin. Canary-grass is one of the
best known members of this tribe.

Phalaris Linn.* Savastana Schrank.*

Anthoxanthum Linn.* {HierocMo'e Gmalia).

Tribe VIII. — Agrostidea'.

Spikelets all hermaphrodite, one-flowered with three glumes,
the first two empty (very rarely wanting), usually as long as or
exceeding the third or floral glume; rachilla sometimes pro-
longed behind the palea into a naked or plumose bristle. Palea
two-nerved (one-nerved in Ci/ma), nerveless, or (in some Agrostis
species) wanting.

^ Alopecurns, Cinna, Spattina, and Holcus among our grasses,
have the rachilla articulated below the first pair of glumes, and
the spikelets fall off entire.

11

This is, uext to the Festucece, the largest tribe in the
order, uumberiiig seven hundred species arranged in
forty-six genera. Tlie species are distributed through-
out all the temperate and colder regions of the world
and many occur within the Tropics. The genus Agrostis,
from which the tribe derives its name and from which
comes the word " agrostologist," has about one hundred
species, found in all parts of the world, especially in
the north temperate zone. Some of our most important
meadow grasses — notably Herd's-grass and timothy —
belong to this tribe.

Aristida Linn.* Sporobolus R. Br.*

StipaLinn.* Epicaiiipes Presl.*

Oryzopsis Michx.* Polypogon Desf.

Eriofoma.** Limnodia L. H. Dewey.*

Milium Liun.* (Thurberia Benth.)

Muhlenbergia Schreb.* Arctagrostis Griseb.

Brachyelytrum Beanv."* CinnaLiun.*

Lycurus Kuuth. Agrostis Linn.*

Pereilema Pre.sl. Gastridiiim Beauv.

Heleochloa Host.* Calamagrostis Roth.*

Plileniu Linn.* Ammopbila Host.*

Alopeciirus Linn.* Calamovilfa Scribn.*

Coleanthus Seid. Apera Adaus.

Phippsia R. Br.* Lagurus Linn.

Tribe IX. — Avenecc.

Spikelets two- to several-flowered ; outer empty glumes usually
longer than the first floral glume; one or more of the floral
glumes awned on the back or from between the teeth of the bifid
apex ; awn usually twisted or geniculate ; the callus, and usually
the Joints of the rachilla, hairy.

A tribe comprising twenty-three genera and over
three hundred species widely distributed in the tem-
perate regions of both the Old and the New World,
particularly abundant in South Africa and Australia,
a few extending beyond the arctic circle.

12

Several of the species are valued as forage plants.
Cultivated oats, Avena sativa, is the best-kuown ex-
ample of this tribe.

Holcus Linn., in part.* Trisetum Pers.*

AiraLinn.* Avena Linn.*"

Wt'ingaei'tneria Bernli.* Arrheuatberum Beau v.*

{Coriinephorus Beauv.) Danthonia DC*
Deschampsia Beauv. ~

Tribe X. — Chloridece.

Spikelets one- to several-flovrered in one-sided spikes or racemes ;
these racemes digitate or fasciculate, rarely solitary; flowering
glumes usually keeled, entire and unawned, or toothed, and Avith
one or three straight awns.

A small tribe of twenty-seven genera and one hun-
dred and fifty-five species, characterized chiefly by the
inflorescence, which is nearly that of Paspalum. The
awns when joreseut are not dorsal nor twisted, as in
Agrostidece and Avenew. Chiefly natives of tropical
and subtropical countries; a few are widely distributed
as weeds throughout the warmer parts of the world. A
number are good turf forming grasses, and are valued
for grazing jjurposes. One of these is the celebrated
buffalo-grass of the Western plains, which is remark-
able for having the staminate and pistillate spikelets
separate and in unlike inflorescences, either upon the
same plant (mon(tcious) or upon different plants (dioe-
cious).

Capriola Adans. " SchedonnarduH Steud.*

(Cynodon Pers.) Bouteloua Lag."

Spartina Schreb.* Beckmannia Host.*

Campulosus Desv." Elensino Gaertn.*

(Cicnium Panzer). Dactyloctenium Willd.*

Chloris Sw.* Leptochloa Beauv.*

Trichloris Fourn.* Bulbilis Kaf.*

Gynmoi»ogon Beauv. * (/>«c7(?o<; Engelm.)

13

Tribe XI.—Festucew.

Spikelets two- to many-flowered, usually hermaphrodite, pedicel,
late in racemes or panicles, the latter sometimes dense and sjiike-
like; flowering glumes usually longer than the empty ones,
awnless or with one to several straight (rarely bent) awns which
are either terminal or borne just below the apex.

This is the largest tribe in the order, numbering
seventy-six genera and about seven hundred and
twenty-five species. It contains the most important
meadow grasses of the temperate regions as well as the
more prevalent grasses of the higher mountains within
the Tropics. The genus Poa, which includes Kentucky
blue-grass, Texas blue-grass, etc., numbers one hundred
species, and an equal number of species are included in
the genus Eragrostis. The Fescues number eighty
species, and the tribe takes its name from this genus—
Festuca. Orchard grass, Dactylis glomerata, is a well-
known example of this tribe.

Pappophorum Schreb. *
CotteaKunth.*
C'athestecum Presl.*
Scleropogou Philippi.*
Monanthochloe Engelm.
Munroa Torrey. *
Orcuttia Vasey.*
Gynerium HBK.
Arundo Linn.
Phragmites Trin.*
Blepharidachne Hack.
{Eremocldoe 8. Wats.)
TriodiaK. Br.*
Sieglingia Bernh.
Redfieldia Vasey.*
Dissanthelium Trin.*
Moliuia Schrank.
Eragrostis Host.'
Eatonia Raf. *
Koeleria Pers.*
Catabrosa Beauv. *

Melica Linn.*
Korycarpus Zea.*
{Diarrhena Raf.)
Pleuropogon R. Brown.
Uniola Linn.*
Distichlis Raf.*
Briza Linn.*
Dactylis Linn.*
Cynosurus Linn.*
Lamarckia Moench.*
Poa Linn.*
Colpodium Trin.
Dupontia R. Br.
Scolochloa Link.
Graphephoruni Desv.*
Panicularia Fabr.*
{GJyceria R. Br.)
Puccinellia Pari."*
Festuca Linn.*
Bromus Linn.

14

Tribe XII. — Hordew..

Spikelets one- to many-flowered, usually hermaphrodite, sessile
along the common rachis, forming a simple or compound spike;'
glumes awned or awnless.

A small tribe of twenty genera and about one hun-
dred and thirty species. It is an imi)ortant division,
however, for it includes rye, barley, and the many vari-
etiesof wheat. English and Italian Eye- grasses (io/titw
species) are the chief meadow grasses of the tribe.

Nardus Linn.* Secale Linn.

Lolium Linn.* Triticum Linn. .

Lepturns R. Br. Hordeum Linn.*

Scribneria Hack.* Elymus Linn.*

Agropyrou Gaertn.' Asperella Humb.*

Tribe XIII. — Bamhuneai.

Spikelets two- to many-flowered (rarely only one-flowered) in
racemes or panicles; empty glumes at the base of the spikelet
two to several; flowering glumes many-nerved, awnless, or very
rarely short-awned ; culms woody, at least near the base, and
perennial ; leaf blade usually with a short petiole articulated
with the sheath from which it Anally separates.

A comparatively small tribe of twenty-three genera
and about one hundred and eighty-five species. The
s})ecies are confined chiefly to the region within the
Tropics. Many of them are of very great importance to
the natives of the countries where they grow. Manu-
factured articles of bamboo, either of use or for orna-
ment, are now a part of the commerce of the world. The
bamboos are remarkable for their woody stems and often
arborescent or tree-like habit of growth, some of the

' Strictly the spike is simple when the sessile spikelets are one-
flowered, and compound when they are more than one-flowered.

15

species attaining tbe height of 25 to 30 m. In parts of
India tliey form extensive forests. One species in this
tribe has leaves 2 to 5 m. long by 10 to 25 cm. wide;
another, a Cuban species, has leaves 5 to 8 cm. long and
as fine as a horse hair. Fleshy and edible, apple-like
fruits are borne by some of the species.

Aruudiaaria Michx.

F. L. S.

AMEEICAX GEASSES— I.

(ILLUSTRATED.)

BY F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER.

17
18337— No. 7 2

18

METRIC MEASUREMENTS AND THEIR
ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS.

The metric system adopted in this Bulletin is now
quite generally employed in botanical and other scien-
tific publications. For those uiifamiliar Mith this sys-
tem the following expression of equivalents may be
useful :

1 millimi'tre (1 mm.)=ODe twenty-fifth of au inch — exactly
0.0394 inch.

1 centimetre (1 cm.) = nearly one-half of an inch; 10cm.:=about
4 inches.

1 decimetre (1 ilm.) = about 4 inches, or 3 dm. = one foot.

1 metre (1 m. ) = about 3 feet 3| inches — exactly 39.37071) inches.

19

Fig. 1. Tripsacum dactyloides L. Gama-grass. — A stout,
coarse, branching perennial 9 to 24 dm. high, with long and rather
broad leaves and a spicate inflorescence, the spikes being 2 to 4
ou the main stem and usually solitary on the branches. — Low
meadows, moist thickets, ditches, etc. ; Rhode Island to Florida,
Kansas, and Texas. [Mexico.] April-October.

20

Fig. 2. Imperata hookeri Rupr. (/. irevifolia Vasey ; /. candaia
Scribn. notTriu. ) ; Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 : 22.— A stout, glabrous
perennial 5 to 12 dm. high, with strong, creeping rootstocks, Hat
leaves, and elongated white-hairy, densely lloweved panicles. —
Western Texas, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, Southern California
and southward.

21

Fig. 3. Erianthus compactus Nash in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club,
22 : 419; Brittou aud Brown, 111. FL, 1 : 99. Dexsely flowehed
Flume-grass. — A stout, erect perennial 12 to 24 dm. bigh, witb
long, narrow leaves aud densely flowered, oblong, brownisb or red-
dish panicles 10 to 15 cm. long, tbe branches spreading in authesis. —
Meadows and swamjis, mostly uvav the coast ; Xew Jersey to Vir-
ginia aud Tennessee. August-October.

22

Fig. 4. Erianthus strictus Baldw. ; Beal, Grasses X. Am., 2 :
29. — A stout, erect iiereimiiil 12 to 21 dm. bigh, with loug, narrow,
flat leaves and strict, bearded (with awns), but not hairy, panicles,
20 to 10 cm. long. — River bottoms, Tennessee and Georgia to
Mississippi and Texas. Septeuiber, October.

23

Fig. 5. Manisuris compressa (L. f. ) Kuntze (Rottboellia com-
pressah.f. ; Remarlhriafasciciilata Kunth). Mat-grass. — A creep-
ing perennial, with ascending and usually mnch branched, flat-
tened culms 10 to 14 dm. high, and numerous slender spikes. —
River banks, southwestern Texas. [Tropical and subtropical
regions of both hemispheres.] September.

24

Fig. 6. Hackelochloa granulans (Sw.) Kuntze (Manisuris
granulans Sw. ; Cenchrna granularis Linu.) ; Beal, Grasses N. Am.,
2:33. LiZARD-TAiL-(;RA.ss. — A much-branched, leafy annual, 3
to 12 dm. hifjh, with numerous slender spikes in irregular, leafy
panicles. — A weed in all tropical countries, extending northward
into the warmer parts of the .Southern and Southwestern States.

25

Fig. 7. Elionurus barbiculmis Hack.; Beal, Grasses N. Am.,
2 : 37. — A slender, erect perennial 4 to 7 dm. high, with very
narrow, filiform, hairy leaves and silky-villous, solitary spikes
terminal on the culm or its branches. — Rocky hills and canyons,
western Texas to Arizona. [Northern Mexico.] June-September.

26

Fig. 8. Andropogonsaccharoidestorreyanus (Steud.) Hack;
Brittou and Browu, 1 : 103 {Andropogon torreyaniis Steud.)-
Tohrey's SiLVF.ii BKAi;i>-(ii;As.s. — A varial>le native pereuuial 3 to
9 dm. high, with rather long, usually glaucous, Hat leaves, aud
narrow silvery-bearded i>anicles. — L)ry prairies and mesas, Kan-
sas to Texas, New Mexico, and Nevada. [Mexico.] July-October.

27

Fig. 9. Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B. S. P. {Andropogon
macrourus Michx.). Brook-grass. — A stout pereuDial6 to 12 dm.
high, with dense, more or less elongated panicles, the branches
usually very much crowded. — Low grounds and marshes, southern
New York to Florida, southern California and Nevada. [Mexico,
Lower California, Cuba, and .Jamaica.] September-January.

28

Fig. 10. Andropogon virginicus L. Broom Sedge. — A
rigidly erect peruuuial 6 to 12 dm. high, with the culms flattened
near the base, and narrow, elongated, and loosely branched pani-
cles of silky-1)earded racemes, for the most part partially inclosed
within smooth, spathe-like bracts. — Old lields and borders of
woods, usually in dry soil, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas,
[Cuba.] August-October.

29

c J" ' ' CV'

Fig. 11. Audropogon argyraeus Schultes. Silver-beard or
Silvery Beard-grass. — A rather slender native grass 6 to 9 dm.
high, with narrow leaves and silky-bearded racemes, which are
in pairs, terminal on the culm or its branches. — In dry, sandy
soil in open woods and along thicket borders from Delaware to
Missouri and southward to the Gulf. August-October.

30

Fig. 12. Andropogon elliottii Chapm. Elliott's Broom
Sedge.— A slender, upright perennial 6 to 9 dm. bigh, the plu-
mose racemes iu pairs or tcrnate and subtended by conspicuously
inflated upi)er leaf sheaths.— Dry upland woods or low pine bar-
rens, Delaware and reuusylvauia to central Florida and Texas.
July-October.

31

Fig. 13. Andropogon scoparius Michx. Little Blue-stem.—
A rather slender perennial 3 to 9 dm. high, the solitary racemes
terminating the culms and ))rauclies. — Dry fields and borders of
woods, New Brunswick westward to the Saskatchewan, southward
to Florida, Texas, and southern Califoruia. [Mexico.] July-
October.

32

Fig. 14. Andropogon provincialis Lam. (A. furcatus Mulil.)
Big Blue-stem. — A stout perennial (5 to 16 dm. liigli, Avith long
leaves, and rather thick siiikes 3 to 10 cni. long. — From the Rocky
Mountains eastward to the Atlantic and sonthwanl to the Oiill"
of Mexico. August-October. Especially abundant and valued
for hay iu the i)rairie regions.

33

Fig. 15. Andropogon nutans avenaceus (Michx.) Hack.
Indian Grass.— A stout pereuuial 12 to 18 dm. Mgh, with long
leaf blades, and long, rather dense, usually somewhat nodding
brownish panicles. — Dry fields, glades, and borders of woods,
Ontario to South Dakota and Manitoba, south to Florida, Texas,
andArizona. [Mexico, Central and South America. ] July-October.

18337— No. 7 3

34

Fig. 16. Aiidropogon unilateralis Hack. ; Beal, Grasses N.
Am., 2:60. {Andropoijon accumhia Ell. uot Willd.) Banner
Sorghum. — A rather stout perennial, 6 to 12 dm. high, with narrow,
oiie-sidfd, iiiany-ll()were<l panicles 18 to 25 cm. long, and long-
awned spikelets. — Low pine lauds, South Caioliuu, Florida. June-
October.

35

Fig. 17. Andropogon pauciflorus (Chapm.) Hack.; Beal,
Grasses N. Am., 2:61. {Sorghum paucifionim Chapm.). Few-
flowered Sorghum. — A. rather stout, branching, leafy annual,
6 to 12 dm. high, with few-flowered panicles and long-awued
spikelets.— Dry fields, Florida. [Cuba.] October.

36

Fig. 18. Hilaria cenchroides HBK. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2:
68. Curly Mesquite.— A slender, creeping perennial, with np-
right leafy branches 1 to 3 dm. high.— Dry jtrairies, mesas, and
foothills, Texas to Arizcma. [Mexico.] April-October. One of
the most valnable of the native grasses for grazing.

37

Fig. 19. Hilaria mutica (Buckl.) Benth. ; Beal, Grasses N.
Am., 2 : 69. Black Gkama.— A smooth, brandling perennial 4 to
6 dm. high, with densely flowered, usually straw-colored spikes
about 5 cm. long. — Dry mesas, Texas to southern California.
May-September, Valued for forage, especially for grazing.

38

Fig. 20. Hilaria jamesii (Torr.) Benth. ; Beal, Gra8f?es N. Am.,
2 : 70. Black Bunch-grass.— A rather coarse, branching peren-
nial 3 to 5 dm. high, with erect, often purplish Ki)ikes 5 to 8 cm.
long. — Mesas and table-lands of southern Colorado and Utah to
New Mexico and southern California. March-July. A valuable
hay or pasture grass.

39

Fig. 21. Hilaria rigida (Tliurb.) Vasey; Beal, Grasses N. Am.,
2: 68. {Pleurajjhis rigida Thurb.) Galleta.— A coarse, much-
branched, and woody perennial 6 dm. high, growing in great
clumps, somewhat resembling dwarf bamboos in habit — Deserts,
southern Utah to Arizona and southern California. [Lower Cali-
fornia.] May-July.

40

Fig. 22. Reimaria oligostachya Munio in Bentli. Jonrn. Linn.
Soc; Beal, Gnisses N. Am., 2: 80. Creeping Kkimakia.— Au
extensively creeping perennial, with Hat leaves and upright flow-
ering branches 2 to 4 dm. high, bearing two to four spikes 4 to 7
cm. long.— Ditches and brackish river shores, often in water,
eastern Florida. [Cuba.] April-September.

41

Fig, 23. Paspalum paspaloides (Miclix.) Scribn. (P, elUoftU
S.Wats.; r. dUjitaria Poir. ). Elliott's Paspalum.— A soft per-
ennial grass 5 to 8 dm. high, geniculate and more or less creeping
at the base, with rather broad, flat leaves and slender spikes,
which are usually in pairs.— Borders of ponds and ditches and in
low pine barrens near the coast, Maryland to Texas. April-August,

42

Fig. 24. Paspalum compressum (Sw.) Nees. {P. platycauJe
Poir.). Louisiana or Carpet-grass. — A slender, erect, or more
frequently prostrate and extensively creeping perennial, rooting
at the nodes and sending up numerous leafy or liowei'-bearing
branches 1.5 to 6 dm. high, with 2 to 6 subdigitate slender spikes
and small, acutish spikelets. — Low ground and moist pastures,
abundant near the coast from Virginia to Texas. [Mexico, Central
and South America, and West Indies.] April-October. Avaluable
pasture grass.

43

Fig. 25. Paspalum distichum L. Kxot-ghass. — A low, creep-
ing, somewhat succulent perennial, with flat leaves and two
spikes at the apex of the upright flower- bearing branches, which
are 1 to 3 dm. high. Habit of growth resembling Bermuda-
grass. — Ditches and muddy or sandy shores, Virginia and Missouri
to Florida, Texas, and southern California; northward on the
Pacific Coast to Oregon, [Widely distributed in tropical and
subtropical regions.] April-October.

44

Fig. 26. Paspalum setaceum Michx. Slender Paspalum.—
A slender, erect, or ascending native perennial, usually about 6
dm. high, with flat, often hairy leaves, and slender, small-flowered
spikes. — Dry, sandy fields and pine barrens, Massachusetts to
northeastern Nebraska, Texas and Florida. April-October.

45

Fig. 27. Paspalum laeve Miclix. Smooth Paspalum. — Peren-
nial, with ascending culiiie, often geniculate at base, 3 to 9 dm.
high, with smooth or pilose leaf sheaths and blades, and 3 to 7
spreading spikes 5 to 10 cm. long. Low, often wet, ground, Rhode
Island to Florida, eastern Texas and Missouri. .Tune-October.

46

Fig. 28. Paspalum plicatulum Micbx. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am.,
2: 90. Wrinkle-flowered Paspalum. — An erect or ascending
perennial 3 to 6 dm. liigb, with smooth or flat leaves and 5 to 7
rather densely flowered racemes. The second glume is usually
plicate or wrinkled. — Dry flelds and open pine woods, Georgia
and Florida to Texas. [Mexico, Central and South America, and
West Indies.] April-October.

47

Fig. 29. Paspalum difforme Le Conte; Yasey Proc. Acad. Xat.
Sci. Phila. 1886, 286.— A stout perennial, from creeping rootstocks.
Allied to P. floridanum, but less robust, with shorter leaves and
spikes. — Dry pine barrens near the coast, North Carolina to Florida
and westward to Texas. June-October.

48

Fig. 30. Paspaliim floridanum Michx. Florida P.\spali'm. —
A stout, erect grass !» to 12 dm. high, often glaucous, with loug
leaves, smooth or villous sheaths and blades, and large spikelets.
Dry or moist low ground, Delaware to Florida, Texas, Kentucky,
and Indian Territory. June-October.

49

Fig. 31. Paspalum dilatatum Poir. (P. ovatum'Neeii). Large
Water-grass. — A somewhat coarse, leafy perennial, growing in
clumps 6 to Id dm. high, bearing 2 to 10 more or less spreading
racemes of hairy spilrelets. — In meadows, waste ground, and
along ditches, southeastern Virginia to Florida, west to Texas;
apparently naturalized. [South America.] July-October.
18337— No. 7 i

50

Fig. 32. Amphicarpon purshii Kiiutli. PuRSn's Amphicar-
PON.— An erect, tufted perennial 3 to 12 dm. high, -with hispid
sheaths and leaves and contracted panicles. Fertile spilalets sol-
itary and subterranean. — Pine barrens and cranberry bogs near
the coast, New Jersey. August, September.

51

Fig. 33. Amphicarpon floridanum Chapm. ; Beal, Grasses N.
Am., 2: 100. Florida Amphicarpon. — A pale-green, smooth
perennial 3 to 9 dm. bigh, from creeping rootstocks, with flat
leaves and narrow panicles 10 to 20 cm. long. Fertile spikelets on
subterranean branches. — Moist pine barrens and sandy shores,
Florida (throughout the State). July-September.

52

Fig. 34. Eriochloa mollis (Michx.) Kuiith. {Panicum molle
Michx.), Bcal, Grasses N. Am., 2: 102. Soft Wool-grass. —A
pereiiuial 10 to 20 dm. high, with long, flat leaves and open
panicles of nnmerons, more or less spreading racemes 3 to 6 cm,
long. — Brackish marshes and shores, South Carolina to Florida.
April-Septemher.

53

Fig. 35. Eriochloa punctata (L.) W. Hnniilt. Eveula.sting-
GRAS.S. — A lapid-growiug, smootli iiud somewhat succulent peren-
nial, with more or less branching cnlms 6 to 12 dm. high, Hat
leaves and narrow panicles 5 to 10 cm. long. — Low, rich land,
moist soil, iirairies, etc., Kansas to Texas and Arizona. [Tropical
America, Asia, and Anstialia.] June-September.

54

Fig. 36. Eriochloa lemmoni ^'asey A; Scribn. ; Beal, Grasses N.
Am., 2 : 101. Lemmon's Wool-grass. — A softly pubescent peren-
nial 3 to 6 dm. high, with rather broad leaves and a short panicle
composed of about G spreading spikes 2 to 3 cm. long. — Arizona.
I'Northern Mexico.] August-November.

55

Fig. 37. Panicum lineare Krock (Panicum glahrum Gaud.;
Syntherisma linearis Nash). Smooth Crab-GRAss.— A sleuder,
glabrous annual 1.5 to 3.5 dm. high, with culms which are much
branched below, tiat leaves, and 2 to 6 slender diverging spikes.—
Naturalized in waste and cultivated land ; Nova Scotia to Ontario
and South Dakota, south to Florida and Texas. [Europe.] August-
October.

56

Fig. 38. Panicum serotinum (\Yalt.) Triii. (Sytitheri87na &ero-
tina Walt.; iJu/itaria seroiina Mx.). Littlk Ckah-ijhass. — An
extensively cret-pinj^ annual or biennial, with flat, liairv leaves,
and slender spikes digitate at the apex of the ascending onlnis,
which are 1 to 3 dm. high. — Low, sandy ground, roadsides, pas-
tures, Mild cultivated fields near the coast, Delaware to Missis-
sippi; on ballast at Philadeli)hia. June-August.

57

Fig. 39. Panicum gracillimum Scribn. ; Bull. Torr. Bot. Club,
23 : 146. Slender Panicum.— A slender perennial 3 to 9 dm.
high, with very narrow, elongated leaves and small, glabrous
spikelets, racemose along the main axis and its branches, which
are approximate near the apex of the culm. Outer glumes gla-
brous.— High pine lands, Lake County, Florida. (1192, Kash.)
July.

58

Fig. 40. Panicum leucocomum Scribn. (P. phaeothrix in ed. 1).
Silvery PANir-(;i:A8s. — A slender perennial about 9 dm. liigh,
with long, narrow leaves and very slender, rather loosely flowered
racemes 10 to 20 cm. long, approximate near the apex of the dnm.
Onter glumes densely clothed with soft white hairs. — High pine
lands, Florida. (Nash, 1155.) July.

59

Fig. 41. Panicum paspaloides Pers. ; Beal, Grasses N, Am., 2 :
114. Southern Water-grass.— A rather stout, smooth, and more
or less brauchiuj,' perenuial 6 to 9 dm. high, often creeping at the
base, with long, flat leaves, and ten to tweutj- alternate, one-sided
spikes 2 to 3 cm. long.— About ponds and in standing water, south-
ern Florida; Texas. [In tropical countries of both hemispheres.]
May-July.

60

Fi(i. 42. Panicuni lanatuni Rottb. (P. Uucophwum HBK.);
Bea], Grasses N. Ajii., 2: 111. Cotton-gkass. — A ratber stout,
more or less branchiug leafy perennial 6 to 12 dm. bigb, vritb
narrow, soft-baiiy panicles. — Cultivated ground, river banks, and
coral soil on keys, central and soutbern Florida; on ballast at
Mobile, Ala. [Widely distributed in tropical America; Australia;
Atrica.J May-October.

61

0/

Fig. 43. Panicum grossarium L. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 :
116. Jamaica Ckab-grass.— Apparently an annual, with much-
branched, ascending culms 3 to 6 dm. long, broad, lanceolate leaves
and spreading panicles of a few simple racemes of glabrous spike-
lets.— Ballast ground, Philadelphia. Adventive. [West Indies.]
September. Cultivated in grass garden, and apparently valuable.

62

Fig. 44. Panicum texanum Bnckl.; Beal, Grasses N. Am.,
2: 117. Tkxas Millet. — A brancbiug, leafy annual 6 to 12 dm.
hif^li, with fiat leaves and narrow panicles 1.5 to 2 dm. long. —
Texas. Sejitember.

63

Fig. 45. Panicum obtusum HBK. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am.. 2 :
115. Vine Mesquitk- grass. — Stolouiferous perennial, the runners
often 24 to 30 dm. long; the upright flowering branches 3 to 6 dm.
high. Panicle of three to five erect racemes, bearing rather large
obtuse spikelets.— Irrigated lands, low valleys, chiefly in the shade
of trees and shrubs, Kansas and Colorado to Texas, New Mexico,
Arizona, and southward. June-September.

fi4

Fk;. 46. Panicum stenodes Griseb. ( P. anccps strictum Chapm. ) ;
Beal, Grasses X. Am., 2: IL'6. Small-.jointed Panic-grass. — A
slender, erert, glabrous perennial, with wiry stems 5 to 8 dm. high,
rigid, involute leaves, and narrow, simple panicles 4 to 8 era.
long. — Moist, sandy pine barrens near the coast, Florida to Texas.
[Cuba and San Domingo.] .July-October.

65

Fig. 47. Panicum gibbum Ell. Gibbous Panic-GHAss.— A
stoloniferous, brauchiug perennial 3 to 9 dm. high, with narrowly
lanceolate, flat leaves, and densely flowered .spike-like panicles 10
to 15 cm. long.— Low, wet grounds, Virginia to Florida, Tennes-
see, Louisiana, and Indian Territory. [Cuba.J June-October.
18337— No. 7 5

66

Fkj. 48. Panicum melicarium Micbx. (P. hians Ell.); l^eal,
Grasses N. Am., 2 : 127.— A smooth, slender, usually erect peren-
uial 2 to 5 dm. high, with narrow, llat leaves .•iiid siiui)le, open
panicles (J to 15 cm. long. — Moist ]>ine barrens and marshes.
North Carolina to Florida, Missouri, Indian Territory, and Texas.
March-October.

67

Fig. 49. Panicum verrucosum Muhl. Waety Pa>'ic-geas5. —
A slender, branching perennial, with flat leaves and few-flowered
spreading panicles 7.5 to 20 cm. lontr. — Low, rich woodlands,
mostly near the coast, New England to Florida, west to Tennessee
and Louisiana May-October.

68

Fig. 50. Panicum filipes Scribn. ia Heller, Contrib. Herb.
Frauklin & Marshall Coll., 1 : 13 (1895). — A slender, luoro or less
branching anil leafy, glaucous annual (?) 3 to 7 dm. high, with
rather long, flat leaves and diftuse capillary panicles 15 to 30 cm.
long, — Dry grouads, western Texas and (?) Mexico. May-July.

69

Fig. 51. Panicum proliferumLam. Sprouting Crah-graS8.—
A smooth and usually much- branched, native annual, with rather
coarse, spreadin-;, or ascending stems 6 to 18 dm. long, flat leaves
and diffuse terminal and lateral panicles.— Low ground, ditches,
etc., Maine to Illinois and Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas.
[Cuba]. March-October.

70

Fig. 52. Panicum repens L. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2: 127.
Creeping Panic. — Au extensn dy creeiiing, maritime grass, with
rather stitt leaves and rigid, iijtriglit, flowering stems or branches
2 to 5 dm. high. — Sea beaches, southern Alabama to Louisiana.
[Tropic.il and subtropical coasts of both hemispheres.] A good
sand-biuder.

71

FiCx. 53. Panicum anceps Michx. Flat-stemmed Panic—
A rather stout perennial, with flattened stems 6 to 12 dm. high,
long leaves, smooth or pilose sheaths, spreading panicles and
pointed spikelets.— Low woods and thickets, marshes and banks
of streams, Pennsylvania to Illinois, Missouri, Indian Territory,
Texas, and Florida. July-October.

72

Fig. 54. Pauicum virgatum L. Switch-grass. — A stout, erect
perenuial 9 to 15 dm lii,u:h, usually forming large tufts, with
Btrong, creepiugrootstocks, long, flat leaves, and ample, spreading
panicles. — Sandy soil, usually aloiig streams and about ponds and
lakes, Maine and Ontario to North Dakota, Colorado, Arizona,
Texas, aud Florida. [Mexico.] .July-October.

73

Fig. 55. Panicum amarum P211. Bitter Pajvic-grass. — A stout,
coarse perennials to 12 dm. high, fromstroug, creeping rootstocks,
with rather long (30 to 40 cm.), rigid leaves and many-flowered,
open panicles 10 to 30 cm. long. — Sandy beaches, foast of southern
New England to southern Florida. July-November. A good sand
binder.

74

Fig. 56. Panicum bulbosum HBK.; Beal, Grasses N. Am.,
2 : 131. Alkali Saccatonk. — A stout, glabrous perenuial 9 to 12
ilni. high, from a bulbous base, with flat leaves and usually ample
panicles 20 to 40 cm. long. — In ciinyons, Texas to Arizona. [Mex-
ico.] .June-.Septeniber. A valuable hay grass for alkaline soils.

75

Fig. 57. Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell. ; Britton and Brown,
III. Fl., 1: 116. Round-flowered Panic— A tufted, erect, or
ascendinj? perennial 25 to 60 cm, high, with rather broad, firm,
and nearly erect leaf blades, diffuse many-flowered panicles and
small, rounded spikelets.— Dry or moist woods and fields, Maine
to southern Ontario, Wisconsin, Indian Territory, Texas, and
Florida. [Mexico and Guatemala.] May-October.

76

Fig. 58. Panicum boreale Nasli; Britton and Brown, 111. Fl..
1 : 111). NoRTHERX Panic-grass. — An erect, finally branching
perennial 3 to 6 <liii. bigli, with fiat leaves and o])eii, spreading
panicles 4 to 8 cm. long. — Daiiij) soil, Xewfoundlaud and Ontario
to Maine, New York, and Minnesota. June-August.

77

Fig. 59. Panicum barbulatum Michx. Bearded-joint.—
Culms 3 to 9 dm. high, finally much-hriiuched, slender, smooth,
except the nodes, which are conspicuously barbed with reflexed,
white hairs, panicle ovate-pyramidal, spikelets numerous, small.—
Bogs, wet meadows, and low woodlands, southern New York to
Illinois, Florida, and New Mexico.

78

Fig. 60. Paniciim columbianum Scribn. sp. iiov. Amkhican
Panic-grass. — A slender, erect, uiuch-branched, glabrous peren-
nial, with short (usually 3 to 4 cm. long), lanceolate, ascending,
acute leaves, and small-tlowered, diffuse, oblong orsubpyramidal
jianicles. Spike-lets about 2 mm. long. Branches tinally erect,
numerous, flower-bearing. — Dry, sandy fields, meadows, and open
woodlands. New England southward to the Carolinas, and west-
ward to Tennessee and Alabama, mostly near the coast; also in
California. June-August.

Id

Fig. 61. Panicum nashianum Scribn. sp. nov. (allied to P.
demissiivi Trin.). Nash's Panic-grass. — A slender and finally
much-branched, leafy perennial 1 to 3.5 dm. high, with flat and
rather short leaves, which are ciliate on the margins toward the
base, and open pyramidal panicles, the flexnose branches widely
spreading or reflexed. (4,029 Curtiss (1893), and 466Na8h (1894).)—
Low pine barrens, often in moist ground, near the coast, Virginia
to Mississippi. [Brazil.] March-October.

8C

Fig. 62. Panicum longipedunculatum Scrilni. ; Bull. Tenn.
Ajrr. Exp. Station, VII, 1 : 53. Lox(;-.stalkeu Panic— A sleuder,
Ciespitose perenuial 1.5 to 3 dm. liigh, with short, chiefly radical,
pilose leaves and diffuse, 8mall-(lowert;d, loiig-exsertcd, hairy
panicles. — Dry or moist pine barrens and damp woods, apparently
rare, eastern Tennessee to eastern North Carolina and Florida.
May-Auj;ust.

81

Fig. 63. Panicum colonum L. Jungle Eice.— An erect or
ascending, more or less branching annual 3 to 6 dm. high, with
flat leaves and five to ten, densely flowered, one-sided spikes,
1 to 3 cm. long, racemose along the main axis.— Ditches and low
ground, Southeastern Virginia and Tennessee to Florida, Texas, and
southern California. [Widely distributed in tropical and sub-
tropical regions of the Old World.] June October.
18337— No. 7 6

82

Fig. (54. Panicum crus-galli L. Barnyard-gra.ss.— A coarse,
asceuding or erect, leafy annual 3 to 15 dm. high, with dense pani-
cles and with the third glume awnless to long-awned. — Almost
everywhere iu th<3 United States in barnyards, waste ground, and
river banks. Throughout the warmer regions of both hemis-
pheres. Flowers all summer.

83

Fig. 65. Cheetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn. {Panicum riride L.,
Setaria viridis Beauv.). Greex Foxtail.— A branching, leafy
annual 3 to 6 dm. liigb, with bristly, densely many-flowered,
spike-like panicles 5 to 10 cm. long. Bristk-s usually green and
spikelets smaller than in Yellow Foxtail (Cheetochloa glaucaJ.—A
weed in cultivated and waste grounds; naturalized from Europe.
June-October.

84

Fig. 66. Chaetochloa corrugata (Ell.) Scribu. (Pa>ac«7u vorru-
gatum Ell.; Setaria corrugata Scliult.). Rough Foxtail. — A
rather slender anuual 3 to 9 dui. high, usually much branched
helow, with flat leaves and bristly, spike like imnicles 3 to 10 cm.
long. — Usually in cultivat('<I land. Georgia and Morida. May-
October.

85

Fig. 67. Chaetochloa composita Scribn. {Setaria composita
HBK. ?). Branching Foxtail. — A stout perennial 6 to 12 dm.
high, with broad, flat leaves, and branching, bristly panicles 10 to
25 cm. long. Spikelets 3 mm. long ; second glume one-third shorter
than the fourth. (No. 3617, A. H. Curtiss. )— Shell islands and keys,
sometimesinoldpineapple fields, southern Florida. [Westlndies.]
July-October.

86

'^vs.

Fig. 68. Chaetochloa italica (L.) Scribn, (Setaria italica
Beauv.). Italian Millet or Hungakian-grass.— A stout and
rajtidly growing leafy animal 10 to 24 dm. liigh, with large com-
pound, nodding, bristly, and nearly cylindrical i)anicle8 20 to 40
cm. long — In cultivated and waste land, e-scaped from cultivation
or adventive here and there throughout the country. [Europe,
Asia.] July, August.

87

Fig. 69. Cenchrus tribuloides L. Sand Bcr. — An annual,
•vrith spreading or ascending, mnch-branclied, compressed culms
usually about 3 dm. high, and terminal racemes, of 6 to 20 bur-
like involucres. — Sandy fields, waste ground, river banks, and sea
beaches, Maine and Ontario to South Dakota and Colorado, south
to Florida and southern California. [Mexico and South America.]
June-October.

88

Fig. 70. Cenchrus myosuroides HBK. ; Beal, Oraeges N. Am.,
2 : 160. LoNG-si'iKEi) Btk-ghass. — A stout perenuial 6 to 8 dm.
high, more or less branching and geniculate below, with flat
leaves and long, cylindrical spikes 12 to 20

cm. long. — Waste

ground, introduced ; southern Florida to Texas.
America.) August-January.

[Mexico, South

89

Fig. 71. Pennisetum setosum (Sw.) Rich.; Beal, Grasses K.
Am., 2 : 166.— A stout, brauchiug perennial 9 to 12 dm. high, with
flat leaves ami dense, bristly, cylindrical spikes 10 to 15 cm.
long.— Sonthern Florida. [Widely distributed in tropical coun-
tries.] September.

90

Fig. 72. Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze (Ischn'-
mnm secundatuin, Walt.; Stenotaphrum amiricnnum Sclirauk.).
Mission-grass. — Exteusively creeping perennial, -with hard, flat
stems, ratlier broad leaves, and nprigbt, flowerinjf stems IJy to 3
dm. high. — Muddy or moist sandy shores and marshes along the
coast, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. [Widely distrib-
uted in tropical America and the Pacific islands.] April-October.

91

Fig. 73. Luziola alabamensis Claapm. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am.,
2 : 172. — An aquatic, stoloniferous grass, the upright culms 0.5 to
1.5 dm. high, with loug, narrow leaves and the staminate and
pistillate spikelets in separate panicles.— In springy places and
rivulets in the pine barrens, southern Alabama. [Cuba.] June-
October.

92

■Fig. 74. Homalocenchruslenticularis(Micbx.)Scribn. (ieersm
lenticularis Michx.). Catch-fly-grass. — A rather stout, branch-
ing perennial 6 to 12 dm. high, with widely spreading, liroad leaf
blades, diffuse panicles, and large, ciliate spikelets. — M.arshes and
wet thickets, near the coast, Virginia to Texas, and in the Missis-
sippi Valley from southera Illinois and Missouri to Louisiana.
August, September.

93

Fig. 75. Homalocenchrus hexandrus (Sw.) Britton; Beal
Grasses N. Am., 1: 179 {Leersia hexatidra Sw.). — A rather slender,
usually erect, branching grass 6 to 12 dm. high, with narrow,
many-flowered panicles 10 to 15 cm. long. — In swamps and
ditches near the coast, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. [In
all tropical and many subtropical countries.] May-September.

94

Fig. 76. Homalocenchrus oryzoides (Sw.) Poll. (Leersia ory-
zoidesSw.); Jirittou and J5rowu,Ill. Fl.,1: 129. Rice Crx-cKASs.—
A rather stout, rough, aud niucli-branched grass 6 to 12 dm. high,
with open, pale-green or straw-colored panicles 12 to 25 cm. long.—
Along streams and ditches and in marshes, usually in the open,
Nova Scotia and Ontario to Washington, Florida, aud Texas.
[Europe aud Asia.] August-October.

95

Fig. 77. Homalocenchnas virginicus (Willd.) Britton, {Leer-
sia virginiea Willd.). White-ghass.— A slender, erect, or ascend-
ing, usually much-branched, perennial 6 to 12 dm. high, with
narrow leaves and simple panicles 8 to 12 cm. long.— Moist thick-
ets and low woods, usually along streams, Maine and Ontario to
South Dakota, southward to Florida, and Texas. May-October.

96

Fig. 78. Homalocenchrus monandrus (Sw.) Britton (Leersia
motiaiidra Sw.); T.eal, (irasses X. Am., 2: 179. .Slender Cl'T-
GRAss. — A slender, sparingly branched grass with somewhat wiry
culms 3 to 6 dm. high, and usually glaucous leaves.— Keys of
south Florida (in coral soil) and in southern Texas, [Mexico,
West Indies, and South America.] February-May.

97

Fig. 79. Phalaris amethystina Triu. ; Beal. Grasses N. Am., 2 :
183. Plrple Caxaky-grass. — A stout annual 4 to 9 dm. high,
with broad, flat leaves, and ovoid or ol)long, densely-flowered ter-
minal panicles. — Oregon to California and southward to Chile.
June.

18337 -No. 7 7

98

V

Fig. 80. Phalaris caroliniana Walt. (/'. infcrmedia Boso,).
SiJUTiiKKN Caxakvhjkas.s. — A comparatively slcutkr s))e(ies 3 to
6 dm. high, with rather short, Hat leaves, itiid ovoid, densely flow-
ered, capitate panicles 2 to 5 cm. long. — River hottoms and wet
places, .^onth Carolina to Indian Territory, Texas, Nevada, Cali-
fornia, and Oregon. April.

99

Fig. 81. Phalaris angusta >.'ees ( /'. intermidia angunta Cbapm. ).
California Timothy. — A stout grass 6 to li dm. high, with nar-
row, densely flowerod, spike-like panicles G to 12 cm. long. — In
wet places, South Carolina and Louisiana to southern California.
[South America.] May. Cultivated to a limited extent in the
Southern States.

100

Fig. 82. Anthoxanthum odoiatum L. Sweet Vei;nai.-
GKASS. — A swoft-sceuted ^rass, with slender, erect, tufted culms,
tlat leaf-blades and narrow, spike-like terminal panicles. — Abun-
dantly naturalized in lawns, fielda, and waysides from Newfound-
land and Ontario to North Carolina and Tennessee. [Europe,
northwestern Asia, and northern Africa.] May-September.

101

Fig. 83. Savastana odorata (L.) Scribn. {Hierochloe borealis
R. &S.). Vaxilla-gi;ass. — A slender, sweet-scented, stolouiferous
perennial 3 to 6 dm. high, with short culm-leaves and. brownish,
open iianicles. The flat leaves of the sterile shoots are 1 to 3 dm.
long. — Newfoundland and New Brunswick to southern New York,
west to Minnesota and Iowa ; in the Rockies from British America
south to Arizona and Mexico; Alaska SDuthward in the mountains
to Oregon. [Cooler temperate regions and high mountains of
both hemispheres.] April- August.

102

Fig. 81. Savastana niacrophylla (Thtirb.) (llierochloe macro-
plnjUa Tlinrl).); Beiil, Grasses N. Am., 2:1^7. Lakge-leafed
\'a.\ili,a-gi:ass. — A rather stout, uativo iicremiial 6 to 10 dm.
liij^h, with long and broad leaves and loosely llowcred panicles,
usually about 4 iudies long. — Coniferous woods, California and
Oregon. March-May.

103

Fig. 85. Aristida stricta Miclix. Wire-grass. — A rigid, erect
wiry perennial 6 to 12 dm. high, with narrow, involute leaves and
strict, spike-like panicles about 30 cm. long. — Dry pine barrens
nearthecoast, Virginia( ?) and North Carolina to Mississippi, often
covering extensive tracts and forming the bulk of the jiasturage.
.luly-October.

104

Fig. 86. Aristida palustris (Chapm.) Vasey (A. virf/ata jxt^us-
triH Cliapiii.). Swamp rovKUTY-GKASS. — An upright, rigid peren-
nial 6 to 15 dm. higii, witli long, narrow leaves, and slender,
interrupted, spicate ]>aiiic']('s 30 to TOcui. long. — Moist ])laces near
tlie coast in the pine barrens, .Soutli Carolina to Texas. [Cuba.]
August-October.

105

Fig. 87. Aiistida gossypina Bosc (A. lanata Voir.). Woolly
Poverty-grass. — A rather stout perenuial, with simjjle stems
6 to 12 dm. high, aud narrow panicles 30 to 60 cm. long. Lower
sheaths iisually wooly. — Dry pine barrens, mostly near the coast,
Delaware to Texas aud Indian Territory. September-November.

106

Fig. 88. Aristida tuberculosa Xutt. Long-awxed Poverty-
grass. — A ligiil, iiiucli-l)rancht'd ])ereijnial 3 to 4.5 dm. higli, vritb
nearly simple panicles 10 to 18 cm. long. The widely spread-
inj^f, nearly equal awns 3 to 4 cm. lonu:. — Hiy, sandy soil, near
the coast, Massachusetts toMississijjpi; also in Illinois, Wisconsin,
and Minnesota. Auynst-October.

107

Fig. 89. Stipa sparteaTrin. Porcupine-grass. — A stout, erect
perennial, with simple cnlius 6 to 10 dm. high, long, narrow leaves
and few-tiowered panicles. The strong, twisted awns are 8 to 15
cm. long, and at the base of the flowering glume is a hmg, pointed,
and bearded callus. — Prairies, Illinois to Colorado, north to Mani
toba and British Columbia. June-August.

108

Fig. 90. Stipa kingii Boland. (Oryzopsis kingii Beal, Grasses N.
Am., 2: 229).— A sleiidtT. erect, ca'Si)it()se perennial 2 to 4 dm.
high, with involute, filiform leaves and contraeted panicles 8 to
12 cm. long. Awns scabrons. — California and (?) Nevada.

109

Fig. 91. Stipa mongolica Triii. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 : 227
(sub On/co/js/s).— A sleuder, deusely tufted perennial about 3 dm.
high, with short, setaceous leaves and loosely few-tiowered pan-
icles. Awns plumose. — Mountains of Colorado. [Eastern Asia.]

no

Fig. 92. Oryzopsis melanocarpa Miihl. Hi.ack Mountain-
Rice. —A rather stout, long- and broad-leafeil pereunial .3 to 9 dm.
high, with uarrow. KJinjile jianiclesof afew, huge spiicelets. — Opeu
rocky woods, sometimes oii clitrs, Qneljec and Ontario to Dela-
ware, Kentucky, Missouri, and Minnesota. July-September.

Ill

Fig. 93. Oryzopsis asperifolia MicUx. White Mountain
KiCE. — A slender perennial 1.5 to 5 dm. high, with narrow, simple
panicles 6 to 10 cm. long. The basal leaves, which are 5 to 7 mm.
wide, often overtop the culm. — Woods, Newfoundland, Massachu-
setts and New Jersey, to Minnesota and British Columbia, and
southward in the Kockies to New Mexico. Aprii-.Tuly.

112

Fig. 94. Oryzopsi.s fimbriata (IIBK.) Hemsl. ; Beal, Grasses
N. Am., 2 : 231. — A (sltuider, tufted perennial 5 to 8 dm. higli, with
very narrow, involute leaves and loosely llowered panicles 10 to
13 cm. long. — In canyons and under limestone cliOs. mountains of
western Texas to California. [Mexico and Lower California.]
July-September.

Fig. 95. Oryzopsis exigua Tliurb. ; Beal, Grasses N. Aiu.,^2:
227. Little Motxtaix Rice.— A slender native perennial 1.5 to
3 dm. high, with tiliform leaves, and narrow, simple, few-flowered
panicles 2 to 5 cm. long.— Among rocks in canyons and on moun-
tain tops, Montana and Wyoming to Utah, Oregon, and Washing-
ton. ,Tnne-Augnst.

18337— Xo. 7 8

11-4

Fig. 96. Oryzopsis micrantha (Triii. A:, Rupr.) Thurl). 8mali,-
rLOWEKEi) Mor.NTAix Ri( K. — A slender, erect perenuial, usually
about 6 dm. bigh, with narrow leaves and small-flowered, open
panicles 8 to 16 cm. long. — Woods, river blufls, and mouutaiu
sides, South Dakota to Nebraska, Colorado, New Mexico, and
Arizona. June-August.

115

Fig. 97. Eriocoma cuspidata Ntitt. {Stipa meinbranacea'PnTsh,
not Linu. ; Ori)zop>ii>i meml>ra)uicra V.). Indian 31illet. — A native
perennial, growing in bunches 3 to 7 dm. high, with narrow,
involute leaves and peculiarly branched, diffuse panicles 12 to 15
cm. long. — Grassy slopes, dry hillsides, sandy river banks, about
springs in deserts, iu cultivated iields, etc., South Dakota to New
Mexico, California, and British Columbia. [Mexico.] May-Sep-
tember.

11

o

Fig. 98. Milium effusum Tj. Wild Mii.lkt. — A palc-greeu
pereiinial, with simple culms 6 to 14 dm. high, broad. Hat, spread-
ing leaves and dilfnsc panicles 15 to 18 cm. long.— Woods and
ravines, Capo Breton Island to western Ontario, reunsylvania,
Michigan, and Minnesota. [Europe, Asia.] Jnne, July.

117

Fig. 99. Muhlenbergia diffusa >Schreb. Nimble Will.— Alow,
slender loereimial, \rith ascending, nmch-branched wiry culms 3 to
6 dm. Ions, flat leaf-blades and narrow, rather densely flowered
panicles.— In shade in thickets, borders of woods, waste groimd
about dwellings, etc , Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, Kansas,
Texas, aud Florida. [Mexico ( ?)] August-January (in Louisiana).

118

Fig. 100. Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. Mexican Drop-
seed. — An upright or ascending, nsnailj' much-branched perennial
3 to 9 dm. liigh, with a scaly, creeping rootstock, nuuierons, Ihit
leaf blades and contracted, densely flowered jianicles. — Sandy or
rocky banks of streams and low thickets, New Brunswick and
Ontario to North Carolina, Indian Territory, and South Dakota.

119

Fig. 101. Muhlenbergia teuuiflora (Willd.) B. S. P. {M. willde-
novii Trin.). Slexder-flowehed Dropseed. — An erect, simple
or spariugly branched perennial 3 to 9 dm. high, with creeping,
scaly rootstocks, tiat leaf blades and rather few-tlowered, linear
panicles. — Rocky woods, Massachusetts to Ontario, Minnesota,
Texas, Alabama, and Virginia. August, September.

120

Fig. 102. Muhlenbergia sylvatica lOri . Woodland Drop-
seed. — A perennial, usually much-branched grass 6 to it diu. high,
■with strong, scaly rootstocks. Hat leaves and narrow, densely
flowered paniclen 5 to 15 cm. long. — In rocky woods, and wooded
banks of streams, New Unmswick and Ontario to North Carolina,
Tennessee, Texas, Kansas, and Minnesota. August-October.

121

Fig. 103. Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P.; Brittou
and Brown 111. Fl., 1 : 143 (iJ. glomeraia Trin.). Wild Timothy.—
A rather stout, upright perennial, with very tough and densely
scaly rootstocks, nearly simple culms 6 to 9 dm. high, and densely
flowered, narrow panicles 5 to 10 cm. long.— Moi^t meadows and
low grounds, Newfoundland to Xew .Jersey, Missouri, Arizona,
and British Colnmhia. Jnne-Septemher.

122

Fig. 104. Muhlenbergia pringlei Scribn. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am.,
2 : 257. — An erect, densely cii'Hpitose, wiry perennial, with simple
culms 3 to 4 dm. lii,u,li, involute-liliforin leaves Jind slender, con-
tracted, often jiurplish piuiiclcsG to 10 cm. long. — Canyons, basins,
and shaded ledges, mountains of New Mexico and Arizona.
[Mexico.] May-September

123

Fig. 105. Muhlenbergia porteri Scribn. in Beal, Grasses N. Am.,
2 : 259 (M. texana Thiirb. not Buckley).— A much-brancliecl native
perennial, with slender, somewhat wiry stems 3 to 6 dm. long,
rather short, narrow leaves, and diffuse panicles. Valuable for
grazing and for hay.— Dry mesas and table-lands, Texas to Ari-
zona, Nevada, and California. [Mexico.] August, September.

124

Fig. 106. Muhlenbergia gracillima 'J'orr. : l?eal, Grasses N. Am.,
2: 2(51. — A densely tufted ix-itsiinial, with slciidcrfiilins 2 to 4 dm.
liigli, numerous involute basal leaves and open capillary jiani-
cles 10 to 15 cm. long. — Dry plains, Kansas to Colorado, Texas, and
Arizona. July-October.

125

Fig. 107. Muhlenbergia pungens Thurb. ; Britton and Brown,
111. FL, 1 : 146.— A rigid, native iiereimial 3 to 1.5 dm. high,
with firm, sharp-pointed leaves and open panicles about 15 cm.
long.— Dry soil, sand hills and plains, Nebraska to Utah, Texas
and Arizona. July-October.

126

Fig. 108. Muhlenbergia filiculmis Vasey; Contrib. F. S. Nat.
Herb. 1 : 267; Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 : 250. Thread-like Muhlen-
bergia. — A low, tufted jjereunial with liliform scape-like culms 1.5
to 3.5 dm. high, setaceous lailical leaves and narrow, spike-like
panicles 2 to 5 cm. long. — Sandy soil, Ute Pass, El Paso County,
in moist prairies at Como, Paik County, and on the mesas at Twin
Lakes, Lake County, Colorado; alt. 2,000 to 3,000 m. July-bep-
tember.

127

Fig. 109. Muhlenbergia schaffneri Fonrn ; Beal, Grasses N.
A.m., 2:239. — A low, ctespitose, branching annual 2 to 10 cm.
high, with short leaves and simple, spike-liko panicles. Awn or
the flowering glume 1 to 7 lines long. — " Dry, gravelly patches of
thin soil," mountains of Arizona and New Mexico. [Mexico.]
September.

128

Fig. 110. Muhlenbeigia virescens (HBK.) Triii.; Real, Grasses
N. Am., 2 : 212. — A rather sleiuler, oroct pereuuial about (! dm.
high, -with long, narrow leaves and a strict, pale-greeu or straw-
colored panicle about 1.5 cm. long.— At an altitude of 1,800 to
2,400 ni. on the mountains of Arizona and New Mexico. [Mexico.]
May, June.

129

Fig. 111. Muhlenbergia gracilis Trln. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am.,
2 : 242.— A sleuder, but rather rigid, densely ciespitose perennial
1..5 to 6 dm. high, with narrow, involute leaves, and contracted
panicles 8 to 15 cm. long.— Ascending to 2,700 m. or more. Texas
to Arizona, Colorado, and Wyoming. [Mexico.] .June-September.
18.S37— No. 7 9

130

Fig. 112. Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. (/?. aris-
iatnm'R.>Sc S.). Bkardkd Shout-musk. — A ]M'rennial, with simple
culius 3 to 9 dm. bij^b, tiat, .sjireading leaf blades aud iew-ll()Were<l,
simple, termiiial panicles. — Open, rooky woods, Newfoundland To
North Carolina, Alabama, Mibsouri, aud Minnesota aud Ontario.
May-AuguBt.

131

Fig. 113. Heleochloa schoenoides (L.) Host (Phleiim sclujcn-
oides L. ; Cri/jisis schanoides Lam.). Rush-like Timothy'.— A
diffusely branching ciespitose annual 1 to 3 dm. high, with in-
flated sheaths, rather short, spreading leaves, and densely How-
ered ovate, or oblong, spike-like panicles.— Waste ground about
New York City, Philadelphia, etc., sparingly naturalized.
[Europe and Asia.] July, August.

132

Fig. 114. Phleum pratense L. Timothy. — A iiercniiial with
erect, simple ciilius a to 12 dm. higli and dense, eylindrical, spike-
like panicles 2.5 to 10 cm. long. — Widely cultivated and coiupletoly
naturalized in fields, waysides, and waste ground throughout the
United States and British America. [Europe and Asia.] .June-
August.

33

Fig. 115. Alopecurus geniculatus L. Fi-oating' Foxtail. — A
slender perennial, with culms deciunbent and branched at base,
then erect or ascending, 1.5 to 6 dm. high, flat, spreading leaves
and dense, spike-like, slender panicles 2.5 to 7.5 cm. long. — Wet
meadows, banks of streams and ditches throughout the United
States, and from Newfoundland to British Columbia. [Europe and
Asia.] April-September.

134

Fig. 116. Alopecurus pratensis L. Meadow Foxtail. — An
erect, smooth ])ereiiuial 3 to 9 dm. lii{;li, with short, creeping root-
stocks, H.-it, spreadinj;- leaf blades, and dense, cylindrical, spike-
like panicles 5 to 10 cm. long. — Naturalized in fields and meadows,
LaltradortosouthernNew York, Ohio and Micliigan; also Oregon,
Idaho, and California. [Europe, Asia, and Africa.] June, July.

135

Fig. 117. Alopecurus occidentalis Scrilni. ( A.pratenais alpestris
A. Gray). Mountain Foxtail.— An erect, rather slender grass
6 to 9 dm. high, with shorter and thicker heads than those of
Meadow Foxtail. — Wet meadows and banks of streams, high moun-
tains of Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, and Colorado. June-Septem-
ber. A valuable hay grass.

136

Fk;. 118. Phippsia algida (Solaiid.) E. Br.; Hritton and
Brown, III. Fl., 1 : 150. I'liii'i-siA.— A low, tufted, glabrous peren-
nial 2 to 10 cm. high, with narrow, soft, and Hat leaves and con-
tracted, sini])le panicles. — Arctic North Aiueriia and on the highest
mountain peaks of Colorado. [Greenland, arctic Europe, and
Asia.] July, August.

137

Fig, 119. Sporobolus asper (Micbx.) Kuuth {Agrostis asper
Michx.). PRiVIKIk-gra.ss. — A rather slender pereuuial 3 to 9 dm.
high, with usually loug, involute-filiform leaf blades and con-
tracted, linear panicles 5 to 15 cm. long. — In dry, sandy soil,
open woods and glades, Long Island to Florida, west to Texas,
Missouri, and Illinois. August-October. Avoided by stock ex-
cepting when young.

188

Fi<;. 120. Sporobolus longifolius (Torr.) Wood; Britton and
Brown, 111. I'l., 1 : 151. Lo.vii-i.EAi- i:d Si-orohoh-s. — A stout per-
ennial 3.5 to 10 (Uu. high, with very long, attenuate-pointed
leaves, and strict, spike-like panicles 3 to 10 inches long, which
are more or less included in the iiillated leaf sheath.s.— Dry, sandy
soil, Maine to Pennsylvania, f^oiith Dakota and Utah, south to
Texas and Florida. August-October.

139

Fig. 121. Sporobolus heterolepis A. Gray. .Strong-scented
Sporobolus.— A rather stont, somewhat Aviry, ctespitose peren-
nial 6 to 9 dm. high, with very long basal leaves and loose, open
panicles. — In dry soil, prairies, etc., Connecticut to Quebec, Iowa
and Nebraska and Wyoming, thence south to Texas and north to
Assiniboia and Saskatchewan. August, September.

140

Fig. 122. Sporobolus interruptus Vasey ; Beal, Grasses N.
Am., 2 : 286. — A rather stout, erect iierenuial with simple culms
about 4 dm. high, flat leaves and narrow but loosely flowered
panicles 10 to 18 cm. long. — In forests, mountains of Arizona.
August, Sejitember.

141

Fig. 123. Sporobokis floridanus Chapm. — A rather stout, erect
perennial 6 to 12 dm. liigh, with long, narrow leaves and diffuse
panicles 2.5 to 5 cm. loug. Pedicels capillary ; spikelets purplish.—
Moist pine barrens near the coast. North Carolina to western
Florida. July-September.

142

Fig. 124. Sporobolus curtissii ( Vasey) Small. (S. Jiorldanus cur-
iissii Vasey ; lieal, Grasses N. Am., 2 : 290). — A wiry, erect iiorciinial
3 to (5 dm.liigh, with very long leaves aiul loo.sely liowered, oi)en
panicles 15 to 25 cm. long. — Moist pine barrens, northeastern
Florida. Jiilv-November.

143

Fig. 125. Sporobolus compressus (Torr.) Kuntb. (Agrostiscom-
p7-essaToTT.). Flat-stemmed Sporouolus. — A cespitose peren-
nial, with short, scaly rootstocks, flattened culms 3 to 6 dm. high,
rather long, condnplicate leaves and open, capillary panicles 10 to
30 cm. long. — In bogs and pine barrens. Long Island and New
Jersey. September, October.

144

Fig. 126. Sporobolus indicus (L.) 1^ Br. Smut-grass.— A
tufted, wiry, erect perennial 8 to 9 dm. high, with simple culms
and narrow, densely Howercil, spike-like panicles 10 to 30 cm.
long. — Abundantly naturalizetl in waste ground, waysides, fields,
and pastures. Virginia and Tennessee to Florida, Arkansas, Texas,
and California; occasional in the Eastern cities. [Native or nat-
uralized in all troi)ical countries.] March-.September.

145

FiCx. 127. Sporobolus airoides Torr. Fine-top Salt-grass.—
A stout, coarse, and rigid perennial 3 to 9 dm. high, with long, nar-
row leaves and open, spreading panicles of many small spikelets.—
Moist or dry, usually saline or alkaline soil in deserts, prairies,
along streams, in meadows, etc., Nebraska and Kansas to Idaho,
Caliiornia, Texas, and Arizona. [Mexico and Lower California.]
July-September.

18337— No. 7 10

146

Fig. 128. Sporobolus argutus (Nees) Kiintli (ViJ/a arfiiita
Nees.); lieal, Gnisses N. Am., 2 : 301.— A cicspitose perenui:il 2 to

4 dm. high, with Hat leaves and open (at first strict) panicles 3 to

5 cm. loug. — "Sand dunes and sandy flats n<^ar river banks,"
Kansas and Colorado to Texas and western Louisiana, al.so iu
southern Florida. [iMexico and West Indies.] May-September

147

Fig. 129. Sporobolus confusus (Foinn.) Vasey ; Beal, Grasses
N. Am., 2 : 294. — A slender, branching, tufted annual 0.8 to 2 dm.
high, with loose sheaths, flat leaves, and capillary, ovoid or oblong
panicles 8 to 15 cm. long. — Sandy banks of streams, moist places
in sandy plains, canyons, etc., Texas to California, and in Colo-
rado and Montana. [Mexico.] July-September.

148

Fig. 130. Epicampesrigens(I5olaii(l.) Benth. ; Beal, Grasses N.
Am., 2 : — (Cintta macroiira Tliurb. not Kuuth ; Vilfa rigoix Bolaud.
not Trill.). Deek-gkass. — A stout, erect perennial, with rigid,
wiry ciilins 9 to 12 dm. liij^'li; loiiof, narrow leaves and very long,
uairow, and densely llowered spike-liko panicles. — In the foot-
hills, Texas to Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, and southern Cal-
ifornia. [M<^xico.] July-November. A hunch-grass of some
agricultural value.

149

Fig. 131. Epicampes ligulata Scrlbn. sp. nov. — A stout, rigid
perennial 6 to 12 dui. liigli, witli narrow, verj" scabrous leaves and
strict, rather densely flowered panicles 20 to 40 cm. long. Leaves
long-attenuate pointed, rigid, and subinvolute at tlie base, where
they are much narrower than the rigid ligule, which is 10 to 30 mm.
long. Spikelets dark purple, glumes subequal. — Cool slopes and
canyons, mountains of New Mexico and Arizona. [Mexico.] Au-
gust, September.

150

v-"^

Fig. 131'. Polypogon monspeliensis {L.) Desf. Beard-
GRASS.— A smooth annual iVoni a few centimeters to 6 to 9 dm.
high, with awued 1 flowered spikelets crowded in deuse spike-
liko panicles. — In fields and waste ])lacc8, sparingly naturalized
along the Atlantic Coast from New Hampshire to South Carolina;
abundantly on the Pacific Sloju? from Ciililornia to Vancouver
Island, and in Arizona, Nevada, and Colorado. [Europe and
Asia.] Ai)ril-( )ctol)er.

151

Fig. 133. Limnodia arkansana (Xutt. ); Dewey in Contrib.
U. S. Ncit. Herb., 2: 518 {(irecnia arkansana Nutt. ; Thitrberia
arkansana Benth.). — Asleuder annual 2 to 6 dm. high, more or less
geniculate at the lower nodes, with soft, flat leaves and narrow,
loosely flowered panicles 8 to 18 cm. long. Outer glumes sca-
brous or pilose. — Shell banks, woods, etc., western Florida to
Arkansas and southern Texas. April-.June.

152

Fig. 134. Cinna arundinacea L. Indian Rkkd. — A tall, leafy
grass 9 to 21 dm. hij^li, with simple culms, Hat leaf blades, and
am])lo terminal jtutiiclcs. — Shaded swamjts, h.iiiks of streams and
low thickets, Newfoundland to North Carolina. Alabama, Texas,
South Dakota, and the Northwest Territory. May-September.

153

Fig. 135. Agrostis humilis Vasey (A. variaiis Tr'm. ?notTlinill.).
— A dwarf, slender perennial 6 to 12 cm. high, with short, flat leaves
and contracted, purplish jianicles 2 to 3 cm. long. — Moist meadows,
or mossy and springy places, at 2,100 to 3,000 m. altitude on the
mountains of Colorado, Wyoming, Washington, Oregon, and Mon-
tana. August, September.

154

Fig. 136. Agrostis coarctata Ehrh. {Stolonifera coarctata
Reichb). — A creeping perennial witli slender culms, the upri.i>jht
branches about 3 dm. high, short, Hat leaves and uarrow, rather
densely flowered panicles 5 to 10 cm. long, — Damp soil and sands
along the coast, Newfoundland to New Jersey. [Europe.] .fuly-
October. A line-leafed, excellent turf-forming species, valuable
for lawns.

155

Fig. 137. Agrostis densifloraVasey; Contrib. U, S. Nat. Herb.,
3: 72 (1892); Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2: 326. Dexsely-flowehed
Bent. — A rather stout, cii'spitose perennial 1..5 to 4.5 dm. bigb,
with short and comparatively broad It-aves and densely, many-
flowered, almost spike like panicles 3 to 8 cm. long.— Oregon and
California, along the coast, apparently rare. July, August.

156

Fig. 138. Agrostis pringlei Scribn. sp. nov. — A strongly stolo-
uilerous grass, with rather shmder, iipriglit or asceuding cuhiis :>
to 6 dm. high, narrow and rather rigid llai leaves, and h)osely
flowered, narrow ]>ani(le8 5 to 15 cm. long. Flowering glumes
ranch shorter than tho a< luninate outer ones, and reniarkalile for
the long hairs on the callus. — Plains, Mendocino County, Cal-
ifornia (Pringle), and northward to Oregon ( ?). August.

157

Fig. 139. Agrostis diegoensis Vasey (A. foliom Yasey); Bea],
Grasses N. Am., 2 : 328.— A stroug-growing, leafy perennial 6 to
10 dm. Ligh, from creeping rootstocks, with pale-green, narrow,
and inauy-flowered panicles 1.5 to 20 cm. long. Spikelets 2 to 3 mm.
long; flowering glume short-awned or awnless; palea wanting.—
Mountains of southern California to Washington. May-August,

158

Fig. 140. Agrostis elliottiana Sclnilt. (J. arachuoidea Ell.).
Spider IJent-gkass. — A low, briinrliinji; iinnnul, rarely exceeding
3dm. high, with uarrow, Hat leaves and ditliLso, capillary pauicles.
The flowering glume hears a long and very slender awn. — Dry
hillsidea and old fields, Sonth Carolina to Kentucky and Missouri,
south to Florida and i'exas. April, May.

159

Fig. 141. Gastridium lendigerum (L.) Gaudin. (<?. australe
Beauv. ; Milium lendigerum Linn.). NiT-GRASS. — A smooth annual
1.5 to 6 dm. high, with Hat leaves and a strict, spike-like panicle 6
to 12 cm. long; cultivated for ornament. — Hills, naturalized, Cali-
fornia and Oregon; also in Texas, [Southern Europe.] June,
July.

160

Fi(i. 142. Calamagrostis crassiglumis Thurh. ; Beal, Grasses
N. Am., 2 : 353 (;i8 ;i \ ar. of C. lughcta). — A riyid, erect pereuuial
1.5 to J dm. high, from creeping rootstoiks, with long basal leaves
and dense, oblong, spike-like ])anicles4 to cm. long. — Wet ground
and gravelly lake shores, California to A'ancouver Island. July,
August.

161

Fig. 143. Calamagrostis breviseta(A. Gray) Scribn.; Brittou
and Brown 111. Fl., 1: 164 {C. inekeringn A. Gray). Siiokt-
AWNED Reed-grass. — A sleuder perennial 3 to .5 dm. high, with
ilat leaves and narrow or subpyraiuidal, rather densely flowered
purplish panicles 8 to 12 cm. long. — Moist ground, Newfoundland,
Cape Breton Island, and Labrador to New Hampshire, Vermont,
and Massachusetts. .Tuly, August.
18337— No. 7 11 '

162

"^

Fig. 141. Calamagrostis deschampsioides Triu. ; 15eal, Grasses
N. Am., 2 : 3o9. — A wleiidcr i)erennial witli ciihiis 1.5 to 8 dm. hi,<;h,
from creeping rootstotks, witli narrow leavoH H to 7 cm. long and
open, pyramidal panicles 4 to 8 cm. long. — Pribilof Islands, Alaska,
southward to California. [Kamchatka.] August.

163

Fig. 145. Calamagrostis aleutica Trin. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am.,
2 : 346. — A stout, erect perennial 6 to 15 dm. liigli, -with long and
rather stiff, flat leaves and densely many- flowered, narrow pani-
cles 15 to 30 cm. long. — Along the seashore, in rocky or marshy
places, Alaska and Unalaska to California. June-September.

164

Fig. 146. Calamagrostis tv^reedyi Scribn. ; li«;:il, (irasses N.
Am., 2: 348. — A stout pen-iiiiial 7 to 10 dm. liifj;li, with rather
broad, Hat Ieav»'s and densely llowered, spike-like panicles 8 to
12 cm. long. — Cascade Mountains, Washington.

165

Fig. 147. Calamagrostis bolanderi Thurl). ; Beal, Grasses N.
Am., 2 : 352.— A stout perennial 6 to 15 dm. high, with Hat leaves
10 to 30 cm. long and expanded, dark-purple panicles 8 to 20 cm.
long.— Moist w.)()dlauds, northwestern California. August.

166

Fig. 148. Caiamagrostis how^ellii ^'a8ey ; lieal, CirassesN. Am.,
2 : 339. — A densely ca-spitosc, erect, leafy pereuuial 2.5 to 5 dm.
high, with long and narrow basal leaves and ojicn panicles 8 to 15
cm. long. .Spikelets long-awned. — High mountains, Oregon and
Washington. June-August.

1G7

Fig. 149. Ammophilaarenaria(L.)Link(.i(. arundinacea Host.).
Beach-grass, Markam-gkass. — A coarse, erect perennial, with
creeping I'ootstocks, rigid cnlms 6 to 12 dm. high, long leaves, and
narrow, densely flowered, spike-like terminal panicles 12 to 25 cm.
long. — Sandy coasts of the Atlantic from New Brunswick south
to Virginia, and shores of the Great Lakes. [Europe.] July-
October.

ii;8

Fig. 150. Calamovilfa brevipilis (loir.) Scribu. (Anmdo hrcri-
pilis Torr.). Siiokt-iiaihkd Reki>-<;ijass. — A rather sleuder,
smooth perennial 9 to 12 dm. biiih. with very narrow leaves autl
open panicles 8 to 24 cm. ionf;. — Sandy swamps in the pine bar-
rens of New Jersey. Angnst, .Sei)tember.

1G9

Fig. 151. Holcus lanatus L. Velvet Grass.— A perennial 3
to 6 dm. high, with creeping rootstocks, flat leaves, and open
panicles 5 to 8 era. long; usually densely pubescent all over with
soft, whitish hairs. — Introduced into this country from Europe
with other grasses and now widely distributed. May-August.

170

Fk;. ir)2. Aira caryophyllea L. Silvkkv Hair-grass, — A
slender, tufted animal 1 to 3 dm. higli, with short leaves and
small-flowered, open panicles 2 to 8 cm. lonjj. — lu sandy waste
places, Massachusetts to Virginia; also on the Pacific Coast. In-
troduced from Europe. May-Augnst.

ni

Fig. 153. Aira praecox I.. Early Wild Oat-grass.— A tuftc-d,
erect or asceudiug annual 2 to 12 cm. high, with a contracted
panicle 1 to 2 cm. long.— Introduced and sparingly distributed in
the Middle States near the coast, growing in sandy soil. Also on
Vancouver Island. [Europe.] May-July.

172

Fig. 154. Deschampsia holciformis Presl. ; Beal, Grasses N.
Am., 2: 370. Camfoijxian Haih-guass. — A stout, erect perennial
6 to 15 dm. liigli, with long and rather rigid basal leaves and
densely flowered, more or less interrupted panicles 12 to 24 cm.
long. — Moist meadows, (aliloruia near the coast. April.

173

Fig. 155. Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Tufted Hair-
GUASS. — A slender, erect perennial about 6 dm. bigb, wltbiuvolute-
setaeeous, radical leaves and diffnse panicles. — Labrador sonth-
ward along tbe mountains to Nortb Caxolina and Tennessee, and
westward from New York to Wisconsin. [Greenland and Europe.]
Mav-Auiinst.

174

Fig. 156. Deschampsia elongata (Hook.) Muuro; Beal,
Grasses N.Am., 2: 371. Si.endeh IIaii{-(;i;ass. — A slender peieu-
iiial 3 to 12 dm. hi,i;li, witli narrow iiaiiiclt'S 15 to 38 cm. long. —
Montana to British Columbia and southward on the Pacilic blope
to Mexico. May-August.

175

Fig. 157. Deschampsia calycina Presl {Aira danthonioides
Trin.). Oat-like Haiii-orass. — A rather slender, erect, citspitose
grass from 1 to 7 dm. liigh, with more or less- spreading panicles. —
Native along the Pad tic Slo])e Irom Canada to California, east-
ward to Utah, and southward through Mexico to Peru. April-
July.

176

Fig. 158. Deschampsia atropurpurea ("Walil.) Schecle. Moun-
tain ILviit-GKASS. — A slcuder, aliiiiio |;r;iss 1.5 to 4 dm. higli, -with
Hat leaves and few-flowered, iioddinj^ panicles 3 to 12 cm. long. —
Labrador, AVbite Mountains, Adirondacks, Rocky Mountains in
Colorado, northward to Alaska. [Northern Kuro])e anil A.^ia.]
J u 1 y-September.

177

Fig. 159. Trisetum palustre (Micbx.) Torr. Marsh Oat-
grass. — A slender, loosely tufted perennial 6 to 9 dm. liigh, with
flat, soft leaves and loosely flowered, nodding, and yellowish green
panicles. — On moist rocks, along brooks, in wet meadows, etc.,
Massachnsetts to Illinois, south to Florida and Louisiana; British
Columbia. April-June.
18337— No. 7 12

178

Fig. 160. Trisetum subspicatum (L.) Benuv, (Aira suhspicata
L.). DoWNV OvT-(ii;Ass. — A sleiidiT, erect ])ereunial 1.") to 4.5
dm. liigh, with usually downy cnlms and leaves and densely
many-tlowered, spike-like panicles. — M'idely distributed in the
cooler teni])(!rate reu,ion8 of both hemispheres, ranging in North
America from Labrador to Alaska and extending southward in the
Eastern States to tlie mountains of North Carolina and Tennes-
see, and in the West to New Mexico and California. June-Sep-
tember.

179

Fig. 161. Trisetum montanum Vasey ; Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 :
379. Rocky Mointain Oat-gkass. — A slender, erect, or ascend-
iuj;- native grass 3 to 8 din. high, with narrow, Hat leaves and
many-flowered, more or less contracted panicles 8to 12 cm. long. —
Monntains of Colorado and New Mexico. July, August.

180

Fig. 162. Trisetuni interruptum Rnckl. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am.,
2 : 376, iiudt!!- T. elonndlum. Slkxder Oat-ckass. — A Slouder,
ert'ct anuuul 2 to .5 dm. high, with rather short, soft leaves and
narrow, elongated panicles 4 to 10 cm. long. — Colorado to Texas,
Arizona, and Bouthern California. Marcli-May.

181

Fig. 163. Trisetum canescens Buckl. ; Brewer and Wats., Bot.
Calif., 2 : 296. Silvery Oat-gkass.— Au erect perennial 3 to 12
dm. biyb, with flat leaves, and more or less densely flowered pan-
icles 12 to 18 cm. long.— In dry, open ground, open woods, thickets,
and wet meadows, California to British Columbia, east to Mon-
tana. May-September.

182

Fig. 164. Trisetum cernuum Trin. ; Real, Gra.sse8 N. Am., 2:
379. Nodding Oat-(;i{ass.— A sluuder perennial (i to 10 dm. hij;li,
with rather broad, Hat leaves and loosely flowered, nodding pani-
cles 12 to 20 cm. long.— Alaska to northern California and east-
ward to Idaho. May-July.

183

Fig. 165. Avena ameiicaiia (Sciibn.) {J. pt-atcnsis xax. ameri-
cana Scribn. ; A. hookrri Scribn. ). American Oat. — A rigidly erect
perennial 3 to (> dm. high, with narrow, firm leaves, and con-
tracted panicles 8 to 12 cm. long. — Open thickets and jtrairies,
Manitoba, and in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains south-
ward to Colorado. June-August.

184

Fig. 166. Avena mortoniana Scribn. ; Bot. Gaz., 21:133.
Moiiton's Oat-grass. — A deusely ca'spitose, erect perennial 1 to
2.r> dm. high, with rather rijjjid leaves and narrow, sinqile i)ani-
cles of one- to two-llo\vt!red si)ii\elet8. — At 3,900 to 4,200 m. alti-
tude, mountains of Colorado. August.

185

Fig. 167. Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. (Aveva elatior
L.). Tall Oat-grass. — Aloosely tufted perennial 6 to 12 dm. high,
with flat leaves and narrow, loosely flowered panicles 15 to 20 cm.
long. — Introduced from Europe as a fodder grass. Valuable; in
Europe regarded as one of the best meadow grasses. May, June.

186

Fig. 168. Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. (Arena apicaia L.).
Wild Oat-grass. — A smooth, sleuder, erect perennial 2.5 to 5 dm.
high, with a few-Ho\vere<l, narrow panicle spn-adinj; only in
flower. — Common in dry, thin soils from Canada southward to
the Gulf States and westward to 'I'exas. May-!Sei)tember.

187

Fig. 169. Danthonia compressa Austin. Texnessee Oat-
grass. — A slender, erect, tufted i)ert'niiiul 2 to 6 diu. high, with
long, narrow root leaves, and I'ew-tlowered open |>anicles. — Moun-
tain regions of eastern Tennessee and North Carolina northward to
Canada. June-August.

188

Fig. 170. Danthonia sericea Nntt. Silky Oat -or ass, — A
ratlier stout, erect pereuiiial 3 to 9 dm. hi^li, with usually pubes-
cent sheaths, rather rigid leaves, large spikelets, aud terminal,
few-flowered panicles. — Open woodlands in dry soil, Massachu-
setts and New .Jersey to Florida and west to Tennessee and Ala-
bama. May, June.

189

Fig. 171. Capriola dactylon (L.) Kuutze {Panicum dactijlon L. ;
Cynodon dacii/Ion Pers.). Behmuda-grass. — A creeping pereunial,
with upright or ascending, leafy tloweiiug branches 1 to 6 dm.
high. — Widely dispersed over the tropical and wanner temperate
regions ofthe world, in the United States from Pennsylvania south-
ward to Florida and westward to Texas and California. April-
October. (The name Capriola may belong to Panicum aanguinale.)

I'JU

YUi. 172. Spartina polyatachya CMiclix.; Ell. ■ Tradnjuotia
polijHtaehya). SaI-T kKKivf;RA.ss.— .\ .st/jnt, erect perennial 12 to
27 dm. high, with long, flat leaves and terrniual jianiele» of twenty
to fifty crowded], aHeeridiiig spike-* 5 to 10 em. long.— Braekish
marnfaeA along the ctMut, .Maine to Mi.<««iftMippi. ,Jnly-Oct^iber.

l:U

Fn;. ITS. Suartina cvnosmoidea (!..'> Willd. Fuksiiw.v ikk
roKi>-(;i!ASS. - A stout, oroot grass (i to IS dm. hiuh, with un-
braiu'luHl, smooth riilms from strouy;, sralv, oii"oi>iii>;' rootsti>oks.
loiiti', toiiiih loaf hhulos, ami live to twoiity spikos, fonuiiisi' a tor-
uiinal ]>auirhv — Ui\or hauKs ami laUo shoios. also hracUisli coast
uiavshos, Maiuo ami Nova Scotia to Assiuiboia ami Oroijoti, south
to N«nv Jersey, wostoru fouuessoo, Texas, aiul I'olorado. ,luly-
t^otobor.

192

Fig. 174. Spartina patens (Ait.) Mubl. {DaciyJis patens Ait.;
Spariina juncea Ell.). Fox-guass. — A rather slender and some-
wbut Aviry grass .3 to 6 (rarely 9) dm. bigli, with two to four slen-
der, erect or widely spreading spikes. — Salt marshes and sandy
shores along the coast from Newfoundland to Florida and west-
V!rard to Texas. June-September.

193

Fig. 175. Spartina gracilis Trin. "Western Cord-grass.— A
comparatively slender, perennial species 3 to 9 dm. high, with flat
leaves, and three to nine rather short, appressed spikes.— Mead-
ows, swamps, and river hottoms, especially in alkaline soils. South
Dakota to Kansas, west to British Columbia, Nevada, and Cali-
fornia. March-August.
18337-No. 7 13

194

Fig. 176. Spartina junciformis En<^elm. &, Gray (.S. densiflora
Brongn. (?)j S. gouiiii Foura.); Beal, Grasses N. Am.. 2:400.
Risu-LiKK Spartina. — A stout perennial 6 to 15 <lm. bigh, with
very long, narrow leaves and short, api)res8e(i spikes, which form
a cylindrical, spike-like iuilorescence 10 to 30 cm. long. — Brack-
ish marshes along the Gulf Coast, Key West, Florida to Texas.
[Mexico and Chile. ?J June-October.

195

Fig. 177. Spartiua striata maritima (Walt.) Scribn. (Dactylia
maritima Walt.; Spartiva glabra Muhl.). Ckeek Sedge or
Thatch. — An erect aud ofteu stout salt-marsh grass from 6 to 24
dm. high, with long, flat leaves and few to many, erect, appressed
spikes. — Along ditches and creeks of the salt marshes of both the
Atlantic and Pacific coasts. July-October.

196

r'iG. 178. Campulosus aiomaticus (Walt.) Trin. {^Egilops
aromutica Walt.; Ctcniun amcrivanum Spreiig.j. Toothaciik-
GKASS.— Au erect perenuial 9 to 12 dm. high, from strong, lemon-
scented and pungent rootstocks, with narrow leaves and usually
a single, terminal, curved, jjcctinato spike 4 to 10 cm. long. —
Southern Virginia to Florida and westward to Mississippi. July,
August.

107

Fig. 179. Campulosus chapadensis Triu. {Ctenium chapadeiise
Doell). — An erect i)eniiuial <s to 12 dm. high, with narrow leaves
and usually single, terminal, more or less curved spikes. More
slender than C. aroviaticiis, with narrower glumes, aud more deli-
cate and longer awns. — Florida, in the "flat woods" regions.
July-October.

198

Fio. 180. Chloris glauca (Cbapni.) \'a8ey (Eiistachys glaiua
Chapiii.); Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2:408. Smooth Chloris.— A
strong-growing perennial, with dittusely spreading and ascending
cnlnis 6 to 12 dm. long, bearing 10 to 2.") slender terminal spikes.
Culms and sheaths strongly fattened. — Brackish marshes and
along the borders of cypress swamps, Florida. July-September.

199

Fig. 181. Chloris neglecta Nash in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club., 22 :
423. — A rather stout perennial 6 to V2 dm. high, with compressed,
glabrous culms and sheaths, Hat leaves 10 to 35 cm. long, and four
to six terminal spikes 8 to 12 cm. long. Closely allied to and
much resembling C.'jloridana. — Low pine lands, Florida. October.

200

Fig. 182. Chloris petraea Sw. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 : 108
(sub. C. stvariziana Doell). Skasidk Fixgek-grass. — A creeping,
glaucous perennial 3 to (5 dm. high, with obtuse, flat leaves and
three to eight slender spikes 4 to 7 cm. loug. — Southern Florida
to southeastern Texas. [West Indies and Ceutral and South Amer-
ica.] March-October.

201

Fig. 183. Chloris floridana (C'hapm.) Yasey (Eustachys flnrt-
dana Chapm.); Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 : 407. — A smooth, rathor
slender perennial 3 to 6 dm. high, with compressed culms and
sheaths, flat leaves and one or two spikes 6 to 8 cm. long. The
spikes in this and in C. vegJecta are stouter than in CpHraa. — Dry,
sandy soil, Florida. July-October.

202

Fig. 184. Chloris cucullata IMsrli. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 :
407. — A rather slender, ca-spitosc} peremiial 2 to 4 dm. bigh, with
narrow, flat leaves and eight to twelve H]iikes digitate or umbel-
late at the apex of tiie eulms. rppeniiost glimies eiieullate. —
Sandy plains, Texas to Arkansas. MarcIi-.September.

203

Fig. 185. Chloris verticillata Nutt. Wixdmii.l-grass.— Alow,
spreading perennial, with rather stout, upright Howering branches
1.5 to 5 dm. high and numerous widely spreading, slender spikes
8 to 13 cm. long. — Prairies, Kansas to Texas. A good turf former.
May-September.

Fk;. 186. Chloris elegans HBK. {C. alba Presl); Beal, Grasses
N. Am., 2 : 103.— An erect pereijiiial 3 to G dm. high, with slightly
iuflated sheaths, flat leaves and eight to twelve silky-bearded
sjiikes, clnstered or umbellate at the apex of the culms.— Dry
mesas and desert hills of western Texas, southern Arizona, New
Mexifo, southern California and southward. Au ornamental grass.
Juue-November.

205

Fig. 187. Chloris polydactyla (L.) Sw, {Andropogon polydav-
tylon L.). Many-spiked Chloris.— A rather stout, leafy peren-
nial about 6 dm. high, with numerous, more or less flexuose, brown-
ish spikes 8 to 13 cm. long.— Florida. [West Indies and South
America.]

206

Fig. 188. Chloris texensis Nash in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 23:
151. — A smooth, <;l:iucou8 pereuiii;!! 3 to 6 dm. high, the crowded
lower sheaths compressed, with flat leaves and five to eight slender,
terminal, digitate spikes lOto 18 cm. long. — Texas. [Mexico?.]

207

Fig. 189. Trichloris blanchardiana Scribn. (T. fasciculata
Fourn.). — A rather stout perennial 5 to 10 dm. high, with long,
narrow leaves and many, slender, bearded spikes, which are fasci-
culate or subdigitate at the apex of the culm.— Dry plains and
mesas, Texas to Arizona. May-September.

208

Fig, 190. Trichloris pluriflora Fonrn. Many-flowered Tri-
CHLOHis. — A glaucous, erect pereuiiial 6 to 12 dui. bigli, with long,
flat leaves aud nunieious erect, mauy-llowered, liearded spikes 8 to
15 cm. long. Spikclets three- to four-llowered.— Southern and
western Texas. [Mexico.] May-July.

209

Fig. 191. Gymnopogon ambiguus (Michx.) B. S. P.; Britton
and Brown, 111. Fl., 1 : 178 {O. racemosus Beauv.). Naked Beard-
grass.— A loosely tnfted, erect or ascentling perennial 30 to 45 cm.
high, with short and broad leaf blades and numerous (fifteeu to
thirty), sleuder and widely spreading spikes irregularly scattered
along the common rachis.— Dry soil, fields, hillsides, and borders
of woods, New Jersey to Missouri, Indian Territory, Texas, and
Florida. .July-October.
18337— No. 7 U

210

Fig. 192. Gymnopogon brevifolius Triu. Siiort-leakkd
Bkard-gkass. — A slender, loosely tnfted and many-jointed peren-
nial, with erect or ascending cnlms -8 to 6 dm. high, short, flat
leaves and numerous very slender spikes, wiiicli arc naked toward
the base. — Dry or moist pine barrens near the coast, New Jersey
to Mississippi. August-November.

211

Fig. 193. Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trelease; Brit-
ton and Brown, 111. FL, 1 : 179 (S. fexanus Steud.). Texan Crab-
grass.— A low, diffusely branching annual, with short, narrow
leaves and slender, paniculate spikes. The tufted stems vary from
1 to 9 dm. long.— Dry prairies, Illinois to Texas and New Mexico,
north to Assiniboia and Manitoba. April-October.

212

Fig. 194. Bouteloiia uniflora Vasey ; Beal, Grasses N.Am., 2;
426. One-flowered Grama. — A slender, erect peieuiiial 3 to 4.5
dm. high, with narrow, long-atteunate-pointed leaves and numer-
ous (twenty-five to seventy-five), spreading or deflexed one-flow-
ered spikes appro.Kimate along the common axis. — Southwestern
Texas. Sejitember.

213

Fig. 195. Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. (B. racemosa
Lag.). Tall Grama or Side Oats.— A densely tufted perennial
3 to 9 dm. high, with numerous (twenty to sixty), usually spread-
ing or reflexed spikes scattered along the common axis, forming a
long, somewhat one-sided raceme 20 to JO cm. long.— Dry fields,
hillsides, and prairies, New York and Ontario to New .Jersey,
Mississippi, Texas, California, and Manitoba. [Mexico and Cen-
tral and South America.] IMay-October.

Fig. 196. Bouteloua aiistidoides Tburb. ; Beal, GraaeesN. Am.,
2 : 425. Six-weeks Mesquit. — A slender, densly tufted and much
branched annual (?) 1 to 3.5 dm. high, with short, narrow leaves,
and three to twelve very narrow and few- (sometimes only one-)
flowered spikes. — Texas to southern California. [Mexico and
Lower California.] August, Sejjtember.

215

7- ^

Fig. 197. Bouteloua texana S. Wats. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 :
426. Seed Mesquite.— A densely civspitose, usually ulabrous per-
ennial 2 to 3 dm. hi^h, with narrow, flat leaves, and two to ten
short, many-awued spikes, approximate on the common rachis.—
Dry soil, Texas and Indian Territory to Arkansas. March, April.

216

Fig. 198. BoutelouahavardiVasey; Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2 : 424.
Ha yard's Grama. — A perennial, with stron<>- rhizomes, ui)right
culms 2 to 4 dm. high, and four to six short, silky-vilhuis spikes
approximate on the eomnion racliis. — Sandy i)huns, rocky hills,
canyons, about springs, etc., T<'xas to Arizona. [Northern Mex-
ico.] April-September.

217

Fig. 199. Bouteloua eriopoda Torr. ; Beal, Grasses N. Atu., 2 :
421. WooLLY-.JOiNTED Grama. — A slender, blanching, and some-
what wiry perennial with woolv-jointed stems 2 to 3.5 dm. long,
with three to six slender, spreading, and rather loosely flowered
spikes 1.5 to 2.5 cm. long. — Dry, gravelly soil, Texas to Arizona.
[Northern Mexico.] August, September.

218

Fig. 200. Bouteloua lamosa Scribn. ; Vasey, Grasses of the
S. W., 1: 44. WiHY (iKAMA. — All erect or asceuding poreiinial,
■with branching and many-jointed culms 3 to 4.5 dm. high, sliort,
narrow, spreading leaves, and one to three spreading and more or
less arcuate spikes 1 to 3 I'in. long. — In canyons, mountains of
southwestern Texas. [Northern Mexico.] August, September.

2iy

Fig. 201. Bouteloua breviseta Vasey; Beal, Grasses N. Am.,
2:420. .Short- AWNED Grama.— An erect, soinewbafc wiry and
densely ca-spitose perennial 2.5 to 3.5 dm. high, the lower inter-
uodes covered with a thin white bloom. Leaves very narrow, 2
to 4 cm. long. Spikes one to three, erect or somewhat divergent,
about 2 cm. long.— Southwestern Texas. September.

220

Fic. 202. Bouteloua vestita (S. Wats.) Scribn.; I?ea], Grasses
N. Am., 2: lli). llAUiV (^liA.MA.— A tul'tcd annual, with erect or
ascending slender culms 3 to 6 dm. high, with short, Ihit leaves
and two to eight ascending, many-liowored, hairy spikes about 2
cm. long.— Sandy banks of streams and " benches" on mountain
sides, western Texas to southern Arizona. [Mexico.] September
October.

221

h a-

Fig. 203. Bouteloua rothrockii Vasey. Rothrock's Grama.—
A densely crespitose perennial, with erect, simple or sparingly
branched leafy culms 1.5 to 2 dm. high, and live to nine more or less
spreading, densely flowered sjiilies 2 to 3 cm. long. — Sandy i)lain8,
mesas and foothills, Arizona. [Mexico.] August, September.

222

Fig. 204. Bouteloua oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr. Blue
Grama. — A slender i)erennial ] .5 to 5 dm. high, with one to five re-
mote, pectinately many-flowered, usually spreading spikes 2.5 to
5 cm. long. — Wisconsin to Montana, north to Manitoba and Al-
berta, south to Texas, Arizona, and southern California; also at
Tampa, Fla. [Mexico.] .June-October.

223

Fig. 205. Bouteloua hirsuta (HBK.)Lag. Bristly Mes-
QUiT.— A Ciespitose perennial 1.5 to 4 dm. high, Avith erect or
ascending cnlm.s, flat leaves, and one to three more or less spread-
ing, densely flowered spikes 2 to 4 cm. long.— Dry prairies and
sandy plains, Illinois and Wisconsin to South Dakota, Nevada,
Arizona, and Texas, and ( ?) southern Florida. [Mexico and Lower
California.] July-September.

224

Fig. 206. Bouteloua trifida Thurb. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 :
421. Small Grama. — A delicate perenuial 1 to 3 dm. high, with
short, narrow leaves, and three to seven ascending spikes usually
about 2 cm. long. — Mesas and sandy plains, Texas to Arizona.
[Northern Mexico.] May-October.

225

Fig. 207. Bouteloua burkii Scribu. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 :
422. Burk's Grama.— a slender, tufted perennial 15 (rarely 30)
cm. high, with short, spreading leaves and slender, horizontal
spikes 1 to 2 cm. Irng.— Sandy plains and dry mesas, western
Texas. [Northern Mexico.] April-July.
18337— No. 7 1.5

226

Fig. 208. Beckmaiinia erucasforniis (L.) Host {I'halnria erHO(r-
formis Linu.)- Si-oiKiii-iiUASs. — A stout, erect, subaqiuitic peren-
nial 3 to 12 dm. high, with narrow panicles composed of many,
densely flowered one-sided spikes. — In sloughs and along the
banks of rivers and streams, western Ontario to Iowa, California,
British Columbia, and Alaska. [Knrope and Asia.] .hme-Sep-
teraber.

227

Fig. 209. Eleusiiie indica (L.) Gaertii. Goose or Yard-
grass. — A coarse, tufted annual, with erect or spreading stems 1.5
to 6 dm. liis'b, and two to five digitate spikes 5 to 7 cm. long. —
Waste or cultivated ground, New Jersey to Ohio and Kansas,
south to Florida and Texas. [Widely distributed in tropical and
subtropical countries.] June-October.

228

Fig. 210. Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. ,(Cyno8urus
miyptlas L. ; Dactyloctenium ivgyptiacnm Willd.). Crowfoot-
GKASS. — A low, tufted or creepiug grass, with ascending flower-
ing stems rarely 3 dm. high, and three to five digitate spikes 2 to
5 cm. long. — Waste or cultivated ground, southern New York to
Illinois, south to Florida and Texas, west to California. [Widely
distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of both hemis-
pheres.] May-December.

229

FKi. 211. Leptochloa spicata (Nees) Scribn. ( Dromus spicatus
Neos ; Diplachne spicata Doell; D. reverchoiiiYaaej) ; Beal, Grasses
N. Am., 2 : 434. — A low, densely c;¥Si)itose perennial (?), with nu-
merous setaceous basal leaves and a slender, scape-like culm 6 to
15 cm. high. — Granitic rocks, central Texas. [Mexico and Brazil.]
May-July.

230

Fig. 212. Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) A. Gray. Clus-
tered Salt-gkass.— An erect, ascending or more or less diffusely
spreading, ca-spitose, nuulilirauched annual 5 to 6 dm. bi.uli, with
numerous, erect, crowded si)ikes G to 8 cm. long.— Salt marshes
along the coast, Rhode Island to Texas ; saline soil in the interior,
western New York to South Dakota, Nevada, New Mexico, and
Texas. [Mexico and West Indies.] July-September.

231

FIG. 213. Leptochloa viscida (ScribD.) Beal implachneviscida
Srribn.). Visciu LEPTOcnu.A.-A densely ca-spitose and diftusely

, , ■ n / ^x A ?; +n -^ rr-irelv 6) dm. hi^b, witb acute,

branched perennial (?) O.o tod (laieiy o; uiu. u ^ ,

flat leaves and narrow, densely flowered panicles, composed of

eigbt to t;elve erect spikes.-Wet, clayey soil, New Mexico and

Arizona. [Mexico and Lower California.] June-September.

232

Fig. 214. Leptochloa imbricata Thurb. (THplachne imbricata
Scrihn.); Beal, (irasses N. Am., 2: 135.— A rather stout, erect or
ascending pereuuial 3 to 9 dm. liigli, with smooth, usually glau-
cous culms, narrow, flat leaves, and numerous crowded, erect or
ascending spikes 4 to 6 cm. long.— Texas to southern California.
[Mexico and Lower California.] August-Novemher.

233

Fig. 215. Leptochloa scabra Nees {L, langloisii Vasey).
Rough Leptochloa. — A stout annual to 12 dm. high, with flat
leaves and very many, crowded, slender spikes in terminal panicles
3 dm. long. — Ditches and fields, Louisiana. [Brazil.] September.

234

Fig. 216. Leptochloa nealleyi Vasey ( L. stricta Fonrii.)- Nkal-
Ley's Lkptochloa. — A slender, or rather stout perennial, with
erect or ascending culnis 4.5 to 12 dm. high, and narrow, elougatt'd
Itanicles of many erect or ascending spikea. — Western Texas.
[Mexico.] April-June.

23

o

Fig. 217. Leptochloa dubia (HBK.) Nees (ChJoris duMa HBK. ;
Diplachne diibia t^cribu.) ; Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 : 437. — A rather
stout and apparently pereuiiial sjiecies, 3 to 9 dm. high, with
usually eight to ten approximate spreading spikes 6 to 8 cm.
long. — Southern Florida, Texas to Arizona, and southward into
Mexico. Aiiril-Se])teml)er.

236

Fig. 218. Leptochloa pringlei (Vasey) Beal, Grasses N. Ara.,
2: 436. — .\ laflier Hlcuiler pcrcnuial 2.5 to 3.5 dm. high, with
narrow leaves atul four to six spikes 2.5 to 5 cm. loug, apjtroxi-
mate uear the summit of the culm. Spikelets two- to three-
flowered. — Arizona. April, May.

237

Fig. 219. Leptochloa mucronata (Michx.) Kunth. Feather-
GHASS. — A more or less branching annual 6 to 12 dm. high, with
rather broad, flat leaves and long terminal panicles of many
Blender spikes. — A weed in cultivated and waste groands, Virginia,
Illinois, Missouri, Tennessee, Alabama, Texas, Indian Territory,
Arizona, and California. [Northern Mexico and Cuba.] June-
October.

238

Fio. 220. Bulbilis dactyloides (Niitt.) Rat {liHchloi- dacty-
loidea Eng.lm.); Brittoii and Brown, 111. Fl., 1 : 183. Buffai.O-
GRASS.— A low, iiiie-leaf('<l, and extensively creeping perennial,
rarely more tban 1 to !.;"> dm. liigli. Similar to Bennnda in habit
of growth.— Dry prairies and river bottoms, Minnesota and Sontb
Dakota (ascends to 1,650 ni. in Black Hills), to Arkansas, southern
Texas, and Colorado. [Mexico.] March-August.

239

Fig. 221. PappophorumwrightiiS. Wats. (P. b(>realeToYv.,not
Griseb.) ; Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 : 448. Pirple-grass.— A slen-
der, branching and apparently annual species 2 to 4 dm. high,
with narrow, involute leaves and densely flowered, spike-like,
lead-colored or purplish pauicles 1 to 7 cm. long.— Rocky hills,
canyons, and open plains, Avestern Texas to Arizona. [Northern
Mexico.] .Tuly-September.

240

Fig. 222. Pappophorum apertum Sciibii.; Hull. Torr. Pot.
Club, 9: 148; Bc^al, (Jr.isses N. Am., 2: 447.— A ca-spitose percii-
iiial ',i to 8 dm. high, with long, narrow, mostly involute leaves
and narrow, palf, or often straw-colored panichs 1,5 to 20 cm.
long. — Valleys, western Texas to Arizona and Mexico. June.

241

Fig. 223. Cottea pappophoroides Kth. Cotta-grass. — An
erect, branching perennial 3 to 6 dm. bigb, with narrow, flat,
pilose leaves and oblong, open panicles 9 to 18 cm. long; spike-
lets two- to six-flowered, floral glumes many-parted. — In canyons,
westernTexas to Arizona. [Mexico and South America.] August-
October.

18337— No. 7 16

242

l^^

Fig. 224. Cathestecum prcstratum Presl (C (rectum Vasey
and Hack.) ; Heal, Grasses N. Am., 2 : 452. — Au extensively fTeep-
ing, slender perennial, with upright flowering branches 1 to 3 dm.
high, narrow, flat leaves, and clustered .spikelets in terminal or
lateral racemes. — Dry mesas and blutVs
western Texas. [Mexico.] July-October.

along the Rio Grande,

243

Fig. 225. Scleropogon brevifoliiis Philippi {Tricnspis mon-
strosa Mnnro* Lesourdia mnJtiflora and L. karivinskyaria Fourn. ). —
A wiry, creeping perennial with densely tufted, upright, leafy
branches 1 to 2.5 cm. high, and unisexual spikelets: the pistillate
long-awned, the staminate awnless. — Dry mesas and canyons,
Colorado to Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and southward into
Mexico and South America. May-October.

244

Fig. 226. Monanthochloe littoralis Kiif>elm. Salt Cedar. —
A creeping grass, with bard, woody stems, aud crowded, subulate,
rigid leaves 2 cm. long or less. — Rocky shores and salt marsbes
along the coast, southern Florida, extreme southern Texas, south-
ern Calil'orma. [Lower Calit'oruia.] Miiy, June.

245

Fig. 227. Munroa squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr. False Buffalo-
grass. — A low, diffusely mucb-branclied annual, with crowded
and sharply pointed, rigid leaves 0.5 to 2.5 cm. long. — Prairies and
dry plains, South Dakota to Texas, west to Alberta, Montana,
Colorado, and Arizona. June-October.

246

Fi6. 228. Oicuttia californica Yasey ; Heal. Grasses N. Am.,
2: 457. — A low, nuich l)raii(li<*<l, Cicspitose annual 0.5 to 1 dm.
liigh, the numerous stems bearing three to six spikelets near the
apex. — Southern and J^ower California. April.

247

Fig. 229. Phragmites vulgaris (Lam.) B. S. P. {P. communis
Trin. ; J r undo vulgaris Lam. ; A. phragmites L. ). Common Reed.—
A tall, stout, perennial grass, -with stout, creeping rootstocks,
numerous broad, attenuate-pointed leaves, and a large ovoid-
pyramidal, purplish, terminal panicle.— Margins of lakes and
rivers and in brackish coast marshes, almost everywhere in the.
United States and southern British America. [Widely distrib-
uted in temperate regions of both hemispheres.] August-October.

248

Fig. 230. Triodia eragrostoides Vasey Sl Scribu. {Sier/lingia
eragroetoideH Dewey ) ; Heal, (riasses X. Am., 2 : 465. — An erect, leafy
pereuiiial 6 to 9 flm. high, with long, narrow leaves and open,
siuall-llowered panicles '2 to 3 <lni. long. — Korky hanks, etc., south-
ern Texas, southern Florida. [Northeastern Mexico.] .June-
October.

249

Fig. 231. Triodia texana S. Wats. ; Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 :
466. — A slender, wiry grass 3 to 6 dm. bigh, with very narrow
leaves and loosely few-flowered, nodding panicles 10 to 15 cm.
long. — Eich valley land, dry places, etc., Louisiana and Texas to
Arizona. [Northern Mexico.] Jnne-August.

250

Fig. 232. Triodia ambigua (Kll.) Vasey; IJcal, Grasses N. Am.,
2: 465, sub. SiegUn/jia (Poa innhii/tia Ell.). — An erect iierenuial (i to
12 dm. high, with narrow, flat leaves and open, pyramidal panich'S
10 to 20 cm. long. — Dry, open, pine barrens near the coast, South
Carolina to Texas. July-October.

251

Fig. 233. Triodia albescens (Munro) Yasey {Siegliugia albes-
cens Kuntze); Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2: 469. White Top. — A
cspspitose, erect perennial 4 to 7 dm. bigb, with narrow, flat
leaves and densely flowered, spike-like panicles 9 to 15 cm. long. —
Texas. Aixecust-October.

252

Fig. 234. Triodia nealleyi Vasey ; Uiill. Torr. Bot. Club., 13 : 49
(1^88) ; {iSif(jU)i(/ia nealleyi Dewey ; Heal, Grasses N. Am., 2 : 470). —
A slender, glaucous, ca-spitose perennial, 3 to 4 dm. high, with Hat
or couduplicate leaves, and densely Howered, linear or ovoid pani-
cles 4 to 5 cm. long. — Canyons and ridges, southwestern Texas.
September.

253

Fig. 235. Triodia acuminata (Mnuro) Vasey {Sivglingia acu-
minata Kuntze) ; Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 : 470.-A slender, densely
tufted perennial 1 5 to 2 dm. high, with short leaves, and simple,
dense, oblong panicles 1.5 to 3 cm. long. - Poor, gravelly soil, hill-
sides, etc., Texas to Arizona, north to Colorado and Indian Terri-
tory. [Northern Mexico.] April-June.

254

Fig. 236. Triodia pulchella HBK. (SiefiliiuimpulcheUa Kuntze);
Heal, (irasses N. Am., 2; 468. — A low, densely tutted aud often
creeping perennial 2 to 15 cm. high, with very narrow leaves and
crowded spikelets in clusters of three to six, whieh are equaled or
exceeded by the iipper leaves. — Western Texas to Nevada and
southern California. TNorthern Mexico.] Feliruary-Jiine.

255

Fig. 237. Triplasis americana Beauv. {Sieglingia americana
Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 : 466). — A slender, c^spitose grass, with
wiry culms 4 to 9 dm. liigh, rather short, narrow leaves, and few-
flowered, simple panicles 3 to 10 cm. long; the pubescent awns 5
to 7 mm. long. — Dry, sandy soil near the coast, North Carolina to
Mississippi. July-October.

256

Fk;. 238. Redfieldia flexuosa (Thnrb.) Vaeey ((h-aphephornm
(?) .//ex«o«M/H Thiirb.); liritton iiud Brown, 111. Fl., 1 : \m. Kkd-
FiELD's-fiRASS. — A stout, uative pereuuial (5 to 12 dm. high, with
very long, narrow leaves and diffuse, capillary panicles 2.5 to 60
cm. long.— Sand hills and " blow-outs," Kansas and Nebraska to
Indian Territory, Colorado, and Wyoming. July, Augiist.

257

Fig. 239. Dissanthelium californicum (Xutt.) Benth. ; Beal.
Grasses N. Am., 2 : 473 (Stenochlua californica Nutt.). — A slender,
glabrous, branching annual 1 to 3 dm. high, with short, narrow
leaves and contracted, spike-like panicles 4 to 8 cm. long. — Santa
Catalina Island, southern California, and Guadaloupe Islands,
Lower California. September.
18337— No. 7 17

258

Fig. 240. Eragrostis neo-mexicana Vasey ; Beal, Grasses N.
Am., 2: 485. CitAH-citASS (in New Mexico).— A rather .stout,
branching and leafy annual 3 to 12 dm. hi-rh, with flat leaves and
ample, diflfuso panicles 20 to 40 cm. louj;^.— Texas to southern Cali-
fornia (ascends to 1,500 m. in Arizona). August. A valuable hay
grass resembling Tetf {E. abyasinica).

259

Fig. 241. Eragrostis purshii Schiad. Southern Spear-
GEASS. — An annual, 1 to 4 dm. bigh, with the erect or ascending
culms diffusely branching near the base, and diffuse panicles of
small, spreading epikelets. — Sandy river banks, waste ground,
etc., Massachusetts and Ontario to South Dakota and California,
south to Florida, Texas, and Arizona. [Mexico.] June-October.

260

-^"^^

Fig. 242. Eragrostis curtipedicellata Biukl. ; Brittou aud
Brown, 111. Fl., 1: 190. Short-stalkeu Eracrostis. — A rather
rigid, branching perennial 3 to 9 dm. high, with Hat, spreading
leaves and diffuse panicles 20 to 30 cm. long. Kehited to E. pec-
tinucea. — Prairies, Kansas, Indian Territory, and Texas. July-
September.

2G1

Fig. 243. Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Steud.— An erect,
csespitose perennial 3 to 9 <lin. high, with a short, stout rootstock
and large, spreading, red-pHrjile panicles.— Dry, sandy soil in the
open, Massachusetts to South Dakota and Colorado, south to
Florida and Texas. .July-October.

262

Fig, 244. Eragrostis brownei Ni-es (?). — A widely spreadiug,
l)rancliin<f perennial, with somewhat wiry culms 2 to 5 diii. long,
and nanovv, simple, more or less interrii])te(l jtaiiicles oC nearly
sessile, ten- to forty-Howercd spikeiets. — Dooryards and waste
gronnd, Florida. [Widely distributed in tropieal and subtropical
regions.] July-October.

263

Fig. 245. Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B. S. P. {Poa hypnoides
Lara.; E. reptans'Sees). — A prostrate, much- branched, and exten-
sively creeping annual, with ascending, flowering branches 7.5 to
15 cm. high, spreading leaf blades, narrow and lax or very dense
panicles and long, linear-lanceolate, strongly compressed spike-
lets. — In ditches and sandy banks of streams, Vermont and
Ontario to Florida, Texas, California, and Washington. [Mexico,
West Indies, and South America.] March-October.

264

^^^-

FiG. 246. Eragrostis glomerata (\V;ilt. ) L. H. Dcwoy (I'oa
(/lomerata Walt.; P. confcrta KU. ; Eragroslis conj'erta Triu.).— Au
erect, rather stout, braucliiug anunal 6 to 9 dm. high, with smooth
sheatlis aud leaves, and elourrated, densely llowered, light-colored
panicles 25 to 60 cm. lung.— Low grounds, South Carolina to
Florida and westward to Texas. [Cuba, Mexico, and South

America.]

August-November.

265

Fig. 247. Eragrostis frankii Stend. Short-stalked Meadow-
grass.— A low, diffusely branched annual 0.8 to 1.5 dm. high,
with open, niany-flowered panicles 5 to 12 cm. long. — Low, sandy
grouud in the open, southern New York to Minnesota, south to
Georgia, Louisiana, and Kansas. August-October.

2G6

Fig. 248. Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) Link {Toa ciliaris L.). — A
ditriiscly 1)raiiching, slender annual 2 to 5 dm. high, with thin,
narrow leaves and densely (lowered, cylindrical, spike-like, more
or less interrupted i);inicles 5 to 10 cm. lonj;. — Cultivated and
waste ground, Georgia and Florida to Mi88i88ii)pi. [Mexico, West
Indies, and Asia.] July-October.

267

FiG.249. Eragrostis plumosaLink.Ci". ciUaria paiensChniim.). —
A slender, diffusely branching annual 1 to 4 dm. high, with flat
leaves and oldong, oi)eu panicles 5 to 15 cm. long. — Cultivated and
waste ground, southern Georgia and Florida. [Widely distributed
in tropical countries.] July-November.

268

Fig. 250. Eragrostis sessilispica Buckl. ; Britton and Brown,
111. Fl., 1 : liiO {D'lpJachne rUjida Vasey).— A smooth, wiry, ca-spi-
tose lierennial 3 to 9 dm. high, with narrow, mostly involute leaves
and pyramidal ])ani(les, the iivo- to twelve-llowercd, appressed
spikelets sessile along the spreading hranches. — Dry prairies,
Kansas to Texas. .1 une-October.

269

Fig. 251. Eatonia pennsylvanica (DC.) A. Gray. Eaton's-
GRASS. — A slender, pale-greeu perennial, with flat leaf blades and
narrow terminal panicles. — Wet meadrnvs, low woods, and thick-
ets, Newfoundland and Maine to British Columbia and Washing-
ton, south to Georgia, Mississippi, Texas, and Arizona. April-
August.

270

Fig. 252. Eatoaia obtusata (Miclix.) A. Gray. Early Bunch-
grass. — A tufted perenuial 4..") to 6 dm. liigli, with flat leaf blades
and rallier densely flowered, nodding ])anicles. — T>ow ground,
chiefly along streams, usually in shade, Massachusetts and Onta-
rio to Assiniboia and British Columbia, south to Florida, Texas,
and southern California. March-August.

271

Fig. 253. Eatouia nitida (Sprengel) Nash (Aira nitida Spr. ;
Eatonia dudJeyi Vaseyj. — A slender, erect, and cjespitose peren-
nial 3 to 6 dm. high, with short, flat, spreading leaves and rather
few-flowered, nodding i)anicles. — Dry, open woodlands, Rhode
Island and Xew York westward to North Dakota, and southward
to North Carolina, Mississippi and Texas. April-June.

272

Fig. 251. Eatonia filiformis (Chapm.) Yasey; Real, fJiasses, N.
Am., 2 : lUl. — AiKTcct, liil'tcd perennial;] to G dm. high, with very
hing upper internodes aud loug, involute, radital leaves. — Dry,
sandy soil. South Carolina, Florida and Texa,s, north to western
Tennessee. March, April.

273-

Fig. 255. Cynosurus cristatus L. Dog's-tail-grass. — A
slender, erect perenuial 3 to 7i dm. high, with narrow leaves and
rather slender, erect, spike-like panicles. — Spariuglj' established
in tields and waysides, Newfoundland to Ontario, south to New
Jersey; Portland, Oregon. [Europe.] June-August.
18337— No. 7 18

274

Fig. 256. Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv. ; Hritton and
Brown, 111. FL, 1 : 194. Watku Whoul-ghass. — A smooth, soft
perennial, with creeping or ascending culms 2 to 6 dm. long, flat
leaves and open panicles 5 to 20 cm. long, the spreading brandies
in whorls. — In swales and along brooks, often in shallow water,
Newfoundland and Labrador, to Quebec and Alaska, south to Ne-
braska, Colorado, and Utah. [Europe and Asia.] June-Augu.st.

275

Fig. 257. Melica mutica Walt. (Af. (jlahra Mx.).— A slender,
loosely c;i'Si:)itose, wiry grass 6 to 9 dm. high, with tlat leaves and
simple or racemose panicles of rather large, nodding, two- to three-
flowered spikelets. — Dry, rocky, open woods and thickets, Penn-
sylvania to Florida and westward to Wisconsin and Texas.
March-May.

276

Fig. 258. Melica parviflora (Porter) Scribn. (M. 7nutica pftrri-
fiora Porter; M.porleri, Srrilm.).— A rather sU'iider, erect, smooth
perennial 4 to 7 dm. bigh, with Hat leaves ami narrow panicles
1.") to 25 cm. long. Spikelets pendulous and racemose along the
]>anicle branches.— Shaded canyons, mountains of Colorado, New
Me.Kico, Arizona and prairies of Missouri, Kansas, and western
Texas. [Northern Mexico.] July-September.

277

Fig. 259. Melica spectabilis Scribn. ; Beal, Grasses X. Am., 2 :
506. — A cjespitose, stolouifcrons species 3 to 6 dm. liigb, with
scabrous, flat leaves, aud loosely flowered, nodding, simple pani-
cles 10 to 20 cm. long. — Damp grassy meadows, rich bottom lands,
dry hillsides, etc. (alt. 950to2,400 m.), Montana t<) Washington aud
Oregon, south to Colorado, Wyoming, aud Nevada. June-Sep-
tember.

278

Fig. 2fi0. Melica stricta Roland. Real, Orasses N. Am., 2: 503.
Large-flow KUEi> Mki.ica.— A densely ca'spitosc perennial 2 to fi
dm. high from a bulhons base, with flat, more or less pubescent
leaves, and simple, one-sided panicles 10 to I'j cm. long, bearing
ten to twenty spikelets.— Dry ridges among rocks (alt. 1,850 to
2,700 m.;, Nevada, California, and Oregon. .June-August.

279

Fig. 261. Melica bulbosa Geyer; Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2 : 508.
Thick-rooted Bunch-grass. — A slender, erect perennial 3 to 6 or
rarely 9 dm. high, bulbous at the base, with erect leaves and a
narrow, somewhat spike-like panicle 10 to 15 cm. long. — Dry
rocky slopes, moist shady mountain sides, etc. (alt. 900 to 2,700 m.),
Montana and Wyoming to British Columbia, south to Utah, Nevada,
and Oregon ; western Texas. May-July.

280

Fig. 262. Korycarpus diandrus (Miclix.) Knntze; Britton
au<l Brown, 111. FL, 1: 1!»6; {Diarrliena americana Beauv.).— An
erect perennial G to 9 dm. high, with long, narrow-lanceolate,
nearly erect leaves and a few-tlowered, simple panicle 10 to 25
cm. long. — Rich, rocky, wooded hillsides, Ohio to South Dakota,
south to Georgia, Arkansas, and Indian Territory. August, Sep-
tember.

281

Fig. 263. Pleuropogon refractum (A. Gray) Benth. (Lopho-
chhviia rcfmcta A. Gray) ; Beal, Grasses X. Am., 2 : 514. Nodding
Pleukopogox. — A slender perennial to 12 dm. bigli from creep-
ing rootstocks, with flat leaves and terminal racemes of six to
ten drooi)ing spikelets 2 to 3 cm. long. — In swamps and along
mountain streams (alt. 1,200 to 3,850 m.), California to Washing-
ton. May-August.

282

Fig. 264. Uniola latifolia Michx. Broap-i.eafkd Spike-
ORASs.— An erect grass, with ratlier stout, simplo culms 6 to 12
dm. high, liroad, spreading leaf blades aud a drooping iianicle of
large, flat spikelets 2 to 3 < lu. long.— Low thickets and shaded
hanks of streams, Pennsylvania to Florida, west to Illinois, Kan-
sas, aud Texas. June-October.

283

Fig. 265. Uniola paniculata L. ; Beal, Grasses \. Am., 2 : 516.
Seaside Oats. — A stout, native perenuial 9 to 15 dm. high, with
long, rigid leaves and showy, nodding panicles of many broad
and pale straw-colored spikelets. — Drifting sand of sea beaches,
Virginia to Texas. [West Indies and .South Americri.] May-
October.

284

Fig. 266. Uniola laxa (L.) li. S. 1'. ; Brit tou and Brown, lll.Fl.,
1: 197 ( r. gracUlu Miclix.).— A sleiuler grass 6 to 9 din. higli, with
long, narrow leaf-hiadcs, and a contracted, wand-lilce, nodding
panicli! 15 to 45 cm. long.— In dry soil, open woods, and banlcs,
Long Island to Florida, west to Kentucky, Tennessee, and Texas.
June-Octolier.

285

Fig. 267. Distichlis spicata (L.) Greeue; Britton and Brown,
111. FL, 1 : 198 (Z>. maritima Eaf.). Alkali-grass. — An upright,
wiry grass, 2.5 to 5 dm. high, with strong and widely creeping
rootstocks, rather rigid leaves, and densely flowered panicles.
The grass is diojcions. — Salt marshes along the coast, Maine
to Texas and British Columbia to California; alkaline soil in the
interior, Nebraska and Kansas to Montana, eastern Washington,
California, and New Mexico. May -August.

286

Fig. 268. Briza media L. QtAKixo-cHA.ss. — A slender, erect
pereiHiial, with rather .short, Hat leaf-l)la(h's and capilhiry, spread-
ing panicles. — Sparingly natiiralizcHl in fields and waste ground, in
Ontario, New England, and California. [Enropeaud Asia.] May-
Jnly.

287

Fig. 269. Dactylis glonierata li. Orchahd-grass. — A coarse,
erect grass 9 to 12 dm. high, forming dense tufts, with long, flat
leaf blades, and spikelets crowded in dense, one-sided clusters at
the ends of the panicle l)ranches. — Extensively naturalized in
fields and waste ground. New Brunswick to South Carolina, west
to Manitoba, Idaho, and Colorado, [Europe.] May-August.

288

Fig. 270. Lamarckia aurea fL.) Moench. Golden-top.— A
caespitose, branching annual 1 to 3 dm. liijj;h, with elegant one-
sideil i>aiiicles 5 to 8 cm. long.— lutrodnccil into southern and
Lower Calil'ornia. [Southern Europe, northern Africa, and Aus-
tralia.] March-May.

289

Fig, 271. Poa chapmaniana Scrilm. — A low, cTRpilose annual
1 to 2 (Ini. high, with ascending, flat leaves and usually narrow
panicles 2 to 8 cm. long. Allied to ]'. unniKi, ])ut more strict in
habit of growth. — Dry sandy soil, southern Illinois to Mississippi
and Georgia. April, May.
18337— No. 7 19

290

Fig. 272. Poa alpina L. Mountain Spear-grass. — A slender
or stout, ctespitoso, erect perennial 0.5 to 3 (usually 1..")) dm. high,
with ratlier broad, flatleaxes, and spreading pyramidal ])ani(le8
of comparatively large spikelets. — Edges of brooks, open grassy
mountain slopes, canyons, etc., Newfoundland and Quebec to
Hudson Bay and Alaska, south in the mountains to Colorado (alt.
3,600 m.), Utah and California. [Widely distributed, arctic and
snbalpine.] .June-August.

291

Fig. 273. Poa pratensis L. Kentucky Blue-grass.— A slen-
der, erect, stoloniferons perennial 3 to 9 dm. liigh, with narrow, flat
leaves and more or less spreading, usually pyramidal panicles. —
Fields and meadows throughout the United States and British
America, abundantly naturalized in the East, indigenous in the
North and West. [Europe and Asia.] Summer. A valuaV)le
pasture grass.

292

Fig. 274. Poa kelloggii Vasey ; 111. X. Am. Grasses, 2: 79.
Kki.i.ogo's SrEAit-GiiASs. — A Klciider, orect or ascending peren-
nial 4 to 6 dm. liigli, with rather long, Hat leaves and open pyram-
idal panicles 7 to 10 cm. long. Spikelets two- to four-llowered. —
California (4705 Bolauder).

293

Fig. 275. Poasylvestris A. Oray. Woodland Speak-ghass. —
A slender, tufted perennial 3 to 9 dm. high, with an open panicle
10 to 15 cm. long, the branches sjireading or reflexed. — Rich
■woods and thickets, New York to Wisconsin and Nebraska, south
to North Carolina, Louisiana and Texas. April-July.

294

Fk;. 276. Poabrevifolia Miihl. Solthehn Spear-ghass.— An
erect pereunial 3 to (i dm. high, with nnmiug rootstocks, short
culm leaves, and a widely spreadiug, few-tiowered panicle. —
Wooded river hluft's and the grassy sununits and wooded slopes
of mountains, Xew Jersey to northern Ohio and Illinois, south to
North Carolina and Tennessee. March-May.

295

Fig. 277. Poa arida Vasey ; Britton and Brown, 111. Fl., 1 : 208.
Prairie SrEAR-GRASs. — An erect, often rather rigid, stoloniferous
perennial 3 to dm. liigli, with Hat or folded, stifl" leaves and nar-
row, rather densely flowered panicles 8 to 15 cm. long. — Meadows
and low grounds. Northwest Territory to Kansas and Arizona.
April-Angust.

296

Fig. 278. Poa buckleyana Nash; Brittoii and Brown, 111. Fl.,
1: 208 (I'oa teniiiJoUa lincklcy). BfXCH Red-top.— A rather
slender, erect perennial '-hnuch grass'' 3 to 6 dm. high, Avith
niiiiierous, soft radii :il leaves and a narrow panicle. — I'sually in
dry soil ol' "bench" lands, inoiuitain slopes, (derated prairies, etc.
(all. ir)0 to 3,900 m.), Soutli Dakota to British Columbia. Colorado,
and California. May-.Septeniber.

297

Fig. 279. Graphephoruni melicoideum (Miclix.) Beauv. — A
rather slender, erect, pale-green, ciesiiitose perennial 3 to 6 din. high,
with flat leaves and loosely flowered, nodding panicles 7 to 14 cm.
long. — Rocky or gravelly river shores, low woods (sometimes pine
woods), etc., Auticosti Island to Vermont. Michigan, and North-
west Territory. Angnst, September. (Allied to Trisetum.)

298

Fig. 280. Pauicularia aquatica (Sm.) Kimtze (Glyceria aquatica
J. E. Smith). Reed Meadow-gkass.— A stout perenuial 9 to 15
dm. high, with rather broad, flat leaf blades aud an ample open
panicle.— Shaded banks of streams, wet meadows, moist thickets,
etc., New Brunswick to Alaska, south to I'eunsylvania, Tennessee,
Nebraska, New Mexico, and southern Calilornia. June-August.

299

Fig. 281. Panicularia nervata (Willd.) Kuntze (Olyceria ner-
vata Trin.). Fowl Meadow-grass. — A leafy pereuuial 3 to 9
dm. bigh, with an expanded, nodding panicle, and rather small
spikelets. — Wet meadows, marshes, moist thickets, etc., New-
foundland to Florida, west to British Columbia, California, and
Arizona. June-September.

300

Fig. 28l!. Panicularia elongata (Torr.) Kuntze {Gh/ceria elon-
(/atd Trill.) (Poa elongata Toir.). — Au erect i)erennial 6 to D dm.
liifrli, with flat leaf blades and narrow, rather densely flowered
jjanicles. — In rich, wet woods, Newfoundland and New linmswick
to North Carolina, -west to Qiiehec, Miuuesota, and Kentucky.
J uly-.SeiJtember .

301

Fig. 283. Panicularia pallida (Torr.) Kuiitze (Glyce) ia pallida
Trin. U'hidsoria pallida. Torr. ). Pale Manxa-grass. — A per-
ennial, with slender stems 3 to 9 dm. long, ascending from
a more or loss decumbent base, and a lax, few-flowered panicle
with ascending branches. — Bogs, banks of streams and ponds.
Cape Breton to Ontario, south to Virginia, eastern Tennessee and
Indiana. ,J nne-Aujiust.

Fig. 284. Panicularia canadensis (Miclix.) Kuntze; Hritton
and Brown, 111. i'l., 1: 211 {Glyceria canddensis Trlii.). Ix.mti.k-
SNAKE-GRASS. — A .stout, native perennial 6 to 9 dm. liigb, with
flat leaves, and ample, nodding x)aniclc.s of rather large spikelets. —
Marshes and ditches, Newfonndland and Nova Scotia to jNIiune-
Bota, south to New Jersey, Ohio, au<l Kansas. June-August.

303

Fig. 285. Paiiicularia fluitans (L.) Knntze (Glyceria fluitans
R. Br.). Floating Manna-gkass. — Au erect grass 9 to 15 dm. high
with somewhat fattened culms, long leaves, aud a narrow panicle
about 3 dm. long. — Wet places, often in running water, Newfound-
land to Alaska, south to North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and
California. [Widely distributed in temperate regions.] May-
September.

304

Fig. 286. Puccinellia maritima (Huds.) Psirl. {I'oa maritima
Huds. ; Glj/ccria iiiarillina M. i.\i:. K.). Ska Speak- c.kass. — A
slender perenuial 2 to 5 dm. high, from creepiug rootatocks. with
narrow, flat, or folded leaves, and more or less expanded panicles
8 to 12 cm. loni;. — Salt marshes and hoaches aloiij;- the coast,
Labrador to southern New l",n>;lan(l, and .Maska to l>ritish Colum-
bia; also on ballast and waste j;roiind in sea ports farther soutli.
[Kurope and Asia.] .hily, .Vngnst.

305

Fig. 287. Festiica elatior arundinacea (Schreb.) Hack. Reed
Fescue. — A stout, leafy perennial 9 to 12 diu. bigb, with broad,
flat leaves, and amplp, elongated panicles often 3 dm. long. — Intro-
duced here and there, District of Columbia, Michigan, Utah,
Oregon, etc. [Europe.] August.
18337— No. 7 20

306

Fig. 288. Pestuca elatior pratensis (Htids.) Hack. Mkahow
Fescue. — Au upright perennial (J to 9 dm. high, with nuinerous
ilat leaves aud a rather narrow panicle 10 to 20 cm. long. — In
fields and waysides, introduced, Nova Scotia to North Carolina,
west to Washington, Oregon, and Kansas. .Jiino-August.

307

Fig. 289. Festuca rubra glaucescens Hack. ; Beal, Grasses
N. Am., 2 : 606. Tennes.see Fescue.— A slender pereunial 3 to 6
dm. high, with creeping rootstocks, erect or ascending stems, very
narrow, usually glaucous leaves, and lax, nodding panicles. Forms
a dense turf.— Bluffs of Cumberland Kiver, Nashville, Tenn. May.

308

Fig. 2!t0. Bromiis inermis Leyss. Smooth Bhome or TTt^xga-
RiAX Brome-gkass. — Au erect perenuial (i to 1") dm. high, with
creeping rootstocks, open panicles 12 to IS cm. long, and five- to
nine flowered, awnless spikelets 2 to 3 cm. long. — A native of
Enrope, iutrodnccnl and cnltivatcd in many parts of the United
States for hay. June, J uly.

309

Fig. 291. Bromus secalinus L. Chess or Cheat. — An erect
anunal 6 to 9 dm. high, with Hat leaves, more or less expanded
panicles, and turgid, short-awned spikelets, which are pendulous
ill fruit. — Naturalized iu cultivated and waste grounds, especially
in grain fields. [Europe and Asia.] June-August.

310

Fig. 292. Bromus brizaeformis Fisch. & >rey. Briza-like
Bkome-gkass. — Asleuder, iTect, (■;isj)ito.se annual 2to.5dui. bi;,'b,
with soft, flat leaves and nodding ]ianicle3 of large ten- to lifteen-
flowered spikelets 2to3 cm, long. — Meadoweand cultivated fields,
introduced, Montana to Washington, south to I'tah, Xevada, and
California; sparingly in Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsyl-
vania, [Europe and Asia.] June-August.

311

Fig. 293. Bromus unloloides (Willd.) HBK. Rescce-gr.\ss. —
An erect, usually annual grass, 3 to 9 dm. high, •with more or less
pubescent, flat leaf blades, and usually nodding, loose panicles of
ratherlarge, strongly flattened spikelets. — Prairies and dry, sandy
fields. Indian Tenitorv and Texas to Arizona : naturalized in Ala-
Lama. [Mexico and South America.] March-.July.

312

Fig. 294. Nardus stricta L. ; Britton and ]5io\vii, 111. Fl., 1:
224. Wire Bent.— A glabrous, densely ca^spitose ])eronnial. with
stout, creeping rootstocks, setareous leaves, and erect, filiform,
rigid culms, 10 to 20 cm. high— Introduced at Amherst, Mass.;
rocky river banks, Newfoundland. [Europe, Greenland and
Azores.] August.

313

Fig. 295. Lolium perenne L. Rye-gkass. — A smooth, leafy
perennial 3 to 9 dm. high, with slender, terminal spikes 7.5 to 25
cm. long. — Lawns, fields, and waysides, naturalized, Canada to
North Carolina, -west to Ohio and Tennessee; California and Ari-
zona. [Europe and Asia.] May-August.

3U

Fic. 296. Lolium italicum A. Br. Itaman Rye-gi?.\ss. — A
biennial or perennial grass 6 to 9 dm. bigb, Avith slender, usually
somewhat nodding, terminal spikes, andshort-awned spikelets. A
valnalile hay grass. — Introduced here antl there through cultiva-
tion, especially on the I'acific .Slope.

315

Fig. 297. Scribneria bolanderi (Thurb.) Hack. {Lepturus
bolanderi Thurb.). Beal, Grasses N. Am., 2 : 634.— A slender, wiry,
caespitose annual 1 to 2 dm. high, with short, narrow leaves and
terminal, slightly compressed spikes.— Sterile grounds, hillsides,
and roadsides, Washington to California. May.

316

Fig. 298. Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. ( Jritirirm repe»8 L.;.
Coucn-CKASS. — An orect, .stolouiferous perennial 3to 12 dm. hipfh.
with Hat leaves, which are pilose alouj:' the iierve.s above, anil
terminal, densely flowered spikes. — Naturalized in lawns, way-
sides, and cultivated uronnd, Newfoundland and Ca])e Breton to
Northwest Territory, south to Ijistrict of Coliimhia, Ohio, and
Iowa. [Europe aud Asia.] June-September.

317

Fig. 299. Agropyroii scribneri Vasey ; Beal, Grasses N.Am.,
2 : 638. — A densely ctespitose perennial 2 to 5 dm. high, with
ascending culms, flat leaves, and bearded spikes .5 to 7 cm. long,
which readily break up at maturity. — Summits of mountains
(alt. 1,800 to4,200 m.), Montana to Colorado and Arizona. August.

318

Fig. 300. Hordeum boreale .Scribn. »fc Smith, iJull. 4, Div.
Agrost.,1^8 (1897). Northern Wild Barlky.— A slender, erect
and apparently perennial grass 3 to 6 dm. high, with rather
broad, Ihit leaves, smooth culms and torminal s])ik('s 7 to 10 cm.
long. — Mountains of CaliCoruia to Alaska and Hcriug Sea islands.
June, July.

319

Sea Lyme-grass. — A stout,

b ^

Fig. 301. Elymus aienarius L.
erect perennial 6 to 12 dm. liigli, with extensively creeping j-oot-
stocks, ratluT iirm, Hat, sharp-pointed leaves and terminal, usually
densely tiowered .si»ikes S to 25 cm. long. Glumes usually villous. —
In maritime sands, Greenland and Lahrador to Maine; Alaska to
California and on the shores of the Great Lakes. [Europe and
Asia.j July, August.

320

Fig. 302. Asperella hystrix (L.) Moench (Asprella W . uot
Sclireb. ; Hiisirix patula Moeucb ; Gumnostichum hjistrlx Schrt-b.).
Bottle Brush. — A smooth, ciespitose pereuiiial 6 to 12 dm. high,
witb rather broad. Hat leaves and terminal si)ikes 6 to 12 em. loii<r.
Spikelets widely siuvadinj; at maturity.— Fertile, roeky woods,
New Brunswick and Ontario to Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, and
Minnesota. June-August.

INDEX TO THE COMMON NAMES.

Page.

Altali-grass 285

Saccatone 74

American Oat 183

Banner Sorghum 34

Barley 14

Barnyard-grass 82

Beach -grass 167

Bearded-Joint 77

Short-husk 130

Beard-grass IfiO

Bermuda-grass 189

Big Bhie-stem 32

Bitter Panic-grass 73

Black Bunch-grass 38

Grama 37

Mountain Rice 110

Blue Grama 222

Bottle Brush 320

Branching Foxtail 85

Bristly Mesriuite 223

Briza-like Brorae-grass 310

Broad-leafed Spike-grass 282

Brook-grass 27

Broom Sedge 28

Buftalo-grass 12, 238

Bunch Redtop 290

Burk's Grama 225

California Hair-grass 172

California Timothy 99

Canarj'-grass 10

Carpet-graas 42

Catch-fly-grass 92

Cheat 309

Chess 3C9

Clustered Salt-grass 230

Common Reed 247

Cotta-grasa 241

18337— No. 7 21

Page.

Cotton-grass 60

Couch-gras.-i 316

Crab-grass 9,258

Creek Sedge 195

Curly Mesquite 36

Creeping Panic 70

Reimaria 40

Crowfoot-grass 228

Densely-tiowered Bent ] 55

Plume-grass 21

Dog's-tail-gra8S 273

Downy Oat-grass 178

Early Bunch-grass 270

Wild Oat grass 171

Eaton's-grass 269

Elliott's Broom Sedge 30

Pasjialum 41

English Ray-grass 14

Everlasting-grass 53

False Butfalo-grass 245

Feather-grass 237

Few-flowered Sorghum 35

Fine-to]) Salt-grass 145

Flat-stemmed Panic 71

Sporobolus 143

Floating Foxtail 133

Mauna-grass 303

Florida Amphicarpon 51

Paspalum 48

Fowl Meadow-grass 299

Fox-grass 192

Freshwater Cord-grass 191

Galleta 8, 39

Gama-grass 19

Gibbous Panic-grass 65

Golden Top 288

Goose-grass 227

321

322

Page.

Green Foxtail 83

Ha ry Grama 220

Havard's Grama 210

Herd's grass 11

Hungarian Brome-grass 308

Huugariau-grass 86

Indian Corn 7

IndiaD-grass 33

Millet 115

Keed 152

Italian Millet 86

Ray-grass 14

K ye-grass 314

Jamaica Crab-grass 6i

Jungle lUce 81

Kellogg's Spear-grass 292

Kent Hcky Blue-grass 13. 291

Knot-grass 43

Large-flowered Melica . . . .• 278

Large-leafed Tanilla-grass 102

Largo "Water-grass 49

Leiunion's Wool-grass 54

Little Blue-stem 31

Crab-grass 56

Lizard-tail grass 24

Long awned Poverty-grass 1U6

Long-leafed Sporobulus 139

Long-spiked Bur-grass 88

Long-stalked Panic 80

Louisiana-grass 42

Maize 7

Many-flowered Tricbloris 208

Many-spiked Cbloris 205

Marram grass 167

Mar.sby Oat-grass 177

Mat-grass 23

Meadow Fescue 306

Foxtail 134

Mexican Dropseed 118

Millet 9

Mission-grass 9U

Morton's Oat-grass 184

Mountain Foxtail 135

Hair grass 170

Spear-gi'ass 29u

Naked Beard-grass 209

Page.

Xealleys Leptocbloa 234

' Ximble Will 117

Xit-grass 159

Nodding C)at-gras8 182

Pleuropogon. 281

Northern Panic-grass 76

Wild Barley 318

j Oat-like Hair-grass 1 75

! Oats 12

I One flowered Grama 212

Onbard-grass 13, 287

Pale Manna-grass 301

Pliippsia 136

Porcupine-grass 107

Prairie-grass 137

Spcar-grass 295

Purple Canary-grass 97

Purple grass 239

Pursb's Ampbicar])on 50

Quaking-grass 286

Rattlesnake-grass 3112

Redfleld's grass 256

Reed Fescue 305

Meadow grass 298

Rescue-grass 311

Rice 9

Rice Cut-grass 94

Rocky Mouniain Oat-grass 179

Rotbrock's Grama 221

Rougb Foxtail 84

Le]ttocliloa 233

Round-tiowered Panic 75

Rush-like S])arl ilia 194

Timotby 131

Rye 14

Rye-grass 313

Salt Cedar 244

Reed-grass ]90

Sand Bur 87

Sea Lymegrass 319

Sea Spear-grass 304

Seaside Finger-grass 200

Oats 283

Seed Mesfpiite 215

Sliort-a wned Grama 219

Reed-grass ]C1

Slioit-liaired Reed-grass 168

323

Page.

Short-leafed Beard-grass 210

Sliort-stalked Eragrostis 260

Meadow-grass 265

Side Oats 213

Silky Oat-grass 188

Silver Beard 29

Panic-grass 58

Silvery Beard-grass 29

Hair-grass 170

Oat-grass 181

Six-weeks Mesquite 214

Slender Cut-grass 96

Slender-flowered Dropseed 119

Slender Hair-grass 174

Oat-grass 180

Panicuni 57

Paspalum 44

Slough grass 226

Small-flowered Mountain Rice 114

Small Orama 224

Small-.jointed Panic-grass 64

Smooth Brome :^08

Chloris 198

Crab-grass 55

Paspalum 45

Smnt-grass 144

Soft Wool-grass 52

Southern Canary -grass 98

Spear-grass 259, 294

Water-grass 59

Spider Bent grass 1 58

Sprouting Crab-grass 69

Strong-scented Sporobolus 139

Sugar Cane 7

Swamp Poverty-grass 104

Sweet Ternal-grass 10, 100

Switch-grass 72

Tall Grama 213

Page.

Tall Oat-grass 185

Tennessee Fescue 307

Oat-grass 187

Texan Crab-grass 211

Texas Blue-grass 13

Millet 62

Thatch - 195

Thick-rooted Bunch-grass 279

Thread-like Muhlenbergia — 126

Timothy 11, 132

Toothache-grass 196

Torrey 's Silver Beard-grass 26

Tufted Hair-grass 173

Vanilla-grass 10, 101

Velvet-grass 169

Vine Mesquite-grass 63

Viscid Leptocliloa 231

Warty Panic-gr.iss 67

Water Wborl-grass 274

Western Cord-grass 1 93

Wlieat 14

White-grass 95

White Mountain Rice Ill

White Top 251

Wild Millet 116

Mountain Rice 113

Oat-grass 186

Timothy 121

Windmill-grass 203

Wire Bent 312

Wire-grass 103

Wiry Grama 218

Woodland Dropseed 120

Spear-grass 293

Woolly-jointed Grama 217

Poverty-grass 105

Wrinkly-flowered Paspalum 46

Yard-grass 227

INDEX TO THE LATIX NAMES.

[Tribes in small capitals and synonyms in italics.

Page.

JSgilops aramatica 196

iEgopogon 8

Agropyron 14

repens 316

scribneri 317

AGEOSTIDEiE 10, 12

Agrostis 10, 11

arachnoides 158

asper 137

coarctata 154

co)iipressa 143

(lensirtora 155

(liegoensis 157

elliottiana 158

foKosa 157

humilis 153

varians 153

Aira 12

caryophyllea 170

danthonioides 175

iiitida 271

pritcox 171

subspicata 178

Alopecurus 10, 11

geniculatus 133

occidentalis 135

prateusis 134

Ammophila 11

arenaria 167

arundinacea 167

Amphicarpon 9

floridannm 51

purshii 50

Andropogou 7

arg jTsens 29

elliottii 30

Page.

Andropogon/«rca?i/s ^2

glomeratus 27

macroiirns 27

nutans 33

pauciflorus 35

polydactylon 205

Ijrovincialis 7, 32

saccharoides 26

scoparius 31

secundus 34

torreyanus 26

unilateralis 34

virginicus 7,28

ANDROPOGONE.i; 7

Anthsenantia 9

Antboxautbuni 10

odoratum 100

Apera 11

Arctagrostis 11

Ai'istida 11

gossypina 105

lanata 105

paliistris 104

stricta 103

tuberculosa 106

Arrhenatberum 12

elatius 185

Arundinaria 15

Arundo 13

hrevijiilis 168

phraymites 247

vulgat-is 247

Asperella 14

bystrix 320

Asprella hystrix 320

Avena 12

325

326

Page.

Avena ameritrana 183

elatior 185

hookeii 1W3

mortoniiina 184

sativa 12

spicata 186

AVENEyE 11,12

JiAMUl'SE.9? 11

Beckmannia 1-

erucieforniis 226

Blepliaridachne 13

Bouteloua 12

aristiiloides 214

breviseta 219

l)Uikii 2-J5

curtipeiidula 213

eriopoila 217

havardi 216

hirsnta 223

oligost acliya 222

racemosa 213

ramosa 218

rothrockii -"- 221

texaiia 215

trifida 224

uniflora 212

vestita 220

Brachyely tnim 11

arutatum 130

erectuni 130

Briza 13

media 286

Bronuis 13

brizicformis 310

inerinis 308

aecalinus 309

S2ncatiis 229

unioloides 311

Buchloe 12

dactyloides 238

BulUilis 12

dactyloides 238

Calamagroatis alcutica 103

bolauderi 105

breviseta 161

crassiglumis 160

Paga
Calamagroatis desibampsioides. . . 162

howellii 166

2)ickeringii 101

twcL'dyi 164

Calamovilfa 11

brevipilis 168

Campulosus 12

aromaticus 196

fhapadt'usis 197

Capriola 12

dactylou 189

Catabrosa 13

aquatica 274

Cathestecum 13

erect uin 242

prostrat um 242

Cenchnis 9

(jranularis 24

myosuroidt'S 88

tribuloides 87

Ch»tochloa 9, 86

comi^osita 85

corrugata 84

glauca 83

viridis 83

CULOKIDE^ 12

Chloris 12

alba 204

cucullata 202

dubia 235

elegaiis 204

floridaua 199, 201

glauca 198

neglecta 199, 201

petrffia 200

polydacty Ion 205

xwartziana 200, 201

texeusis 206

vertitillata 203

Ciniia 10, 11

arundiuacea 152

macroiira 148

Colcaiitliua 6,11

Colpodimu 13

Corynephontx .' 12

Cottca 13

3-21

Pa-c.

Cottea pappoplioroides 241

Ci'y])si.s schmiioides l)il

CtenUnn 12

aiiiericanum 196

chapadense 197

Cyiiodou 12

dacti/lon 189

Cj Dosurus 13

(er/uptius 228

cristatus 273

Dactylis J3

glomerata 13,286

mtiritima 195

patens 192

Dact yloctenium 12

cegyptiacuiii 228

pegyptium 228.

Danthonia 12

conipressa 187

aericea 188

spicata 186

Deschampsia 12

atropurpurea 170

calyciua 175

elongata 174

liexuosa 173

holcifomiis 172

Diarrhena 13

aiiwricana 280

Digitaria seroUna 56

Diplacline diihia 235

imbricata 232

reterchoni 229

rigida 268

spicata 229

viscida 231

Dissanthelium 13

califoruicuni 257

Diaticblis 13

mnritiina 285

spicata 285

Dupontia 13

Eatonia 13

dudleyi 271

filiformis 272

uitida 271

Page.

Eatonia obtusata 270

peuiisylvaiiica 269

Eleusine 6. 12

iudica 227

Eliouurus 7

barbiculiuis 25

Elymn8 14

arenarius 319

Epicatnpes 11

ligulata 149

rigens 148

Eragrostis 13

abyssinica 258

brownii 262

ciliaris 266

conferta 264

ciiitipedicellata 260

fraukii 265

glomerata 264

hypnoides 263

neo-mexicana 258

pectinacea 260,261

plumosa 267

purshii 259

reptans 263

sessilispica 268

Eremoehloe 13

Erianthiis 7

compai,tus 21

strictus 22

Eriochloa 9

lemmoni 54

mollis 52

punctata 53

Eriocoma cuapidata 115

Eucblccua 7

Eustachys floridana 201

glauca 198

Festuca 13

elatior arundinacea 305

elatior prateusis 306

rubra glaucesiens 307

Festcce.-e 11. 13

Gastridium 11

atii,trale 159

lendleerum 159

328

Page
Glycerxa 13

aquatica 298

canadeti sis 302

elongata 300

fluitans 303

marUima 304

nercata 299

pallida 301

Gramineae 5

Grapheithorum 13

Jlexuosjim 256

melicoideuiu 297

Oreenia arkansana 151

Gymnopogou 12

ambiguus 209

brevifolius 210

racdnosus 209

Gymnostichum hystrix 320

G yiieriuii! 13

Hackelochloa 7

granularis 24

Heleochloa 11

sch<enoide.s 131

Hemarthriafascicidata 23

Hierochlo't' 10

borealis 101

macrophyUa 102

Uilaria 8

cencliroi<li'.s 36

jainesii 38

luutica 37

rigida 39

Holcus 10,12

lauatns 169

Homalocencbr us 9

hexandrus 93

lenticularis 92

monandrus 96

oryzoides 94

virginicus 95

HORDEiE 14

Hordeniu 14

liorcalc 318

n ydrocliloa 9

Ilijslrix jiatula 320

Iinperata "

Page.

Imperata brevifolia 20

caudala 20

hookeri 20

Ischcemum secundatum 90

Kii'leria 13

Korycarpus 13

diandrus 280

Lagurus 11

Lamarckia 13

aurea 288

Ltersia 9

hexandra 93

lentiexdari" 92

monandra 96

oryziddfs 94

virginica 95

Leptochloa 12

dubia 235

fasciciilaris 230

iiiil)ricata 232

lanyloisii 233

mucronata 237

nealleyi 234

pringlei 2:16

scabra 233

spicata 229

strict a 234

viscida 231

Lepturus 14

biilanderi 315

Lesourdia lcari'in!,k!/ana 243

multijloia 243

Limuodia 11

arkausana 151

Lolimii 14

italiciim 314

porcnue 313

Lophochlcena refracta 281

Luziola 9

alabameiisis 91

Lyciirns 11

Mauisuris 7

coiiipressa 23

granularis 24

MaydEjK 6

Slelica 13

329

Page.

Melica bulbosa 279

glabra 275

imitica 275

pariviflora 270

porieri 27G

spectabilis 277

stricta 278

Milium 11

eftusiim 116

lendijerum 159

Miscantbua 7

Moliuia 13

Moiiautbochloe 13

littoralis 244

Mublenbergia 11

difl'usa 117

filiciilmis 126

glumerata 121

gracilis 129

gracillima 124

mesicana 118

porteri 123

prin r;lei 122

pungens 125

raeemosa 121

schaffneri 127

sylvatica 120

tenuitiora 119

texana 123

virescens 128

ivilldrnovii 119

Munroa 13

squaiTosa 245

Kardus 14

stricta 312

Nazia 8

Oplisraemij 9

Orcuttia 13

californica 246

Oryza sati va 9

OryzEvE 9

Oryzopsis 11

asj>erifolia Ill

exigiia 113

finibriata 112

kinijii 108

Page.

Oryzopsis melanocarpa 110

membranacfa 115

micraiitha 114

mongolica 109

Panicace^ 6

Panice,*; 8

Panicularia 13

aquatica 298

canadensis 302

elougata 300

rtuitaiis 303

nervata 299

pallida 301

Panicum 9

ainarum 73

anceps 71

barbulatiim 77

boreale 76

bulboaum 74

colonum 81

colnnibianmn 78

corrwjatum 84

crus-galli 82

dactylon 189

demissiim 79

filipes 68

gibbiim 65

glabrum 55

gracillimmn 57

grossarium 61

hians 66

lanatiim 60

leiicocomum 58

leucophceum 60

lineare 55

longiiiedunculatum 80

mehcarium 66

molle 52

nasbianum 79

obtusuin 63

pa.spaloide.-i 59

prolifermu 69

repens 70

sangiiinale 189

serotiuum 56

spbiiTOcariJou 75

330

Page.

Pimicum stenodes. 64

texaiium 62

verrucosiiiii 67

virgatum 72

viride 83

Pappophoruiu 13

apertum 240

horeali' 239

wrightii 239

Paspalmii 9,12

comniessnm 42

(litt'ornie 47

dujitaria 41

ailatatuiu 49

(listichuiu 43

ellivttii 41

fioridauuin 48

IsBve -15

ovatum 49

paspaloides 41

platijcavle 42

pli<'atiilinu 46

setaceum -^

Pennisetum 9

aetosum 89

PereiU'ma 11

Phalaride.e 10

Phalaris 10

aroetliystina 97

aiignsta 99

caroliuiaiia 98

eruc'A'foriit is 226

intermedia 98

Pharus 9

Phipi.sia 11

algida 136

Pbleuiij 11

prateiise 132

schoenoides 131

Phragmitea 13

eoininiDiis 247

vulgaris 247

Plenropogoti 13

rcfractuni 281

PleuraphiK rvjida 39

Poa 13

Page.

Poaalpina 290

a nihitjua 250

arida 295

brevifidia 294

buckleyaiia 296

cliapmaniaua 289

ciUaris 266

conferta 264

elongata 300

glomerata 264

hypnoides 263

kelloggii 292

maritiina 304

prateusis 291

sylvestris 293

tinui/cdia 296

POACE/E 9

Pol ypogon 11

ivionspeliensis 150

I'lRciuellia 13

iiiaritiiua 304

Redtieldia 13

tlesiioaa 256

Reiinaria 9

oligostachy a 40

liottbcellia "

compressa 23

Saccharum 7

Savastana 10

iiiacrophylla 102

odorata 101

Schi-donuardus 12

pauiculatus 211

texanus 211

Sderopogoii 13

brevifoliiis 243

Scolocbloa 13

Scribnerla 14

bolaiideri 315

Secale 14

Setaria 9

cotiiposita 85

corruyaia 84

italica 86

viridis 83

Sieglingia 13

331

Page.

Sieglingia acuminata 253

albescens liol

americana 255

eragrostoides 248

neallcyi.

252 :

pidchdla 254

Sorghum paucijloruin 35

Spartina 10, 12

cynosuroides 101

denUjlora 194

glabra 195

gouini 194

gracilis 193

juncea 192

j uucil'oruiis 194

patens 192

polystaciiya 19U

stricta maritima 195

Sporobolus 6,11

aiioides 145

aigutus 140

asper 137

compressus - 143

cont'iisas 147

curtisii 142

floriil;iiin.s 141 :

heterolepis 139

indicus 144

interrupt us 140

longilblius 138

Stenochloa calif ornica 257 j

Steuotaphruni 9 j

americanum 90

seeundatum 90

Stipa 11

liingii 108

membranacea 115

niongolica 109

spartea 107

Sijntherisma linearis 55

serotina 50

Thurberia 11

arkamaiia 151 1

Trachynotia pulystachya 190 i

Page.

Tracliypogon 7

Tragus 8

TrichlorJs 12

blauchardi.na 2i)7

fasciculata 207

pluritiora 208

Tricuspis inonstrosa 243

Triodia 13

acuminata 253

albescens 251

ambigua 250

eragrostoides 248

nealleyi 252

pulchella 254

texana 249

Triplasis americana 255

Tripsacum 7

dactyloides 19

Trisetum 12

canescens 181

cernuum 182

elongatuiji 180

interruptum 180

montanum 179

palustre 177

subspicatuni 178

Tristegine.'E _ 8

Triticum 14

repeni 310

Uniola 13

gracilis 284

latifolia 282

laxa 284

paniculata 283

Til/a arguta 146

rigens 148

Weingiertneria 12

Windsoi ia pallida . 301

Zea 7

Zizania 9

Zizaniopsis 9

Zoysia 8

ZOYSIE.E 8

Bulletin No. (?. D\J i -"A . \i i w -"-S t_ C_3 A l" A^ctfeaa. i 'i

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY.
l(j<ras!« mid Foragr Plant IiiveittigalioiiM.

STUDIES

ON

AMERICAN GRASSES.

I. NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN GRASSES.

By r. Lamson-Scribner.

II. LEAF STRUCTURE OF JOUVEA AND OF
ERAGROSTIS OBTUSIFLORA.

By Miss E. L. Ogden.

ISSTJED l^JSJY G, ISOr.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1897.

Bulletin No. 8.

Agros. 18.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

DIVISION OF ACiKoSTOLOGY.
[Oraww mill Forasji' Plant In vfMiigatioiiH.]

STUDIES

ox

AMERICAN GRASSES.

I. NETT OR LITTLE KXOWX GRASSFS.

By F. Lamson-Scribner.
II. LEAF STRUCTUKE OF JOUVEA AXD OF
EKAGROSTIS OBTUSIFLORA.

By Miss E. L. Ogden.

issxTBr) :m^vy g, isor.

^:

^x

^

il*i^,?'-tV=

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
189 7.

LETTER OE TRANSMriTAL.

United States Department ov Agriculture,

Division of Agrostology,
Washington, J). (7., March 18, 1897.

Sir: I bave the honor to transmit herewith aii<l to recomnieiul for
publication as a bulletin of tliis Division two papers, one describing
sevenil new or little-known grasses, the second ui)on the Leaf Struc-
ture of Jonvca and of Erafiro.sfis ohtusifJora by the histologist of the
Division. These are both technical pai)ers, and, like Bulletin No. 4, may
be entitled '' Studies on American Grasses."

Respectfully,

F. Lamson-Scribner,

Agrostoloffist.
Hon. James Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.
2

CONTENTS.

Pag-e.

I. New or Little Known Grasses. By F. Lamson-Sci'ibner 5

II. Leaf Strurtiiie of Jouvea and of Eragrostis obtusitlora. By Miss E. L.

Ogdeu 12

Jouvea 12

Eragrostis obtusitlora 17

3

ILLUSTILATIONS.

PLATES.

Page.

PI. I. Poaturneri Scribn 22

II. Poa leibergii Scribn 22

III. Panlcum leibergii Scribn 22

IV. Elymus brownii Scribn, &■ Smith 22

V. Eragrostis obtiisifiora Scribn.. 22

VI. Sporobolns plumbeus Heuisl 22

VII. Muhlenbergia flaviseta Scribn 22

VIII. Leaf Structure of Jouvea and of Eragrostis obtusitiora 22

IX. Leaf Structure of Jouvea, Eragrostis obtusiflora, and Disticblis spicata. 22

FIGURES.

Fig. 1. Elymus tlavoscens Scribn. &- Smith 9

4

STUDIES OX AMEEICAN GEASSES.

I. NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN GRASSES.

By F. Lamson-Scribxer.

In the investigations being carried on necessary to tlie preparation
of tlie proposed "Hajidbook of North American Grasses," new species
or species heretofore unidentified or incorrectly determined are met
with in the collections of the iSTational Herbarium or in those submitted
for examination. As the early publication of such new species and
revised determinations is desirable, it has been decided to publish such
matter and other investigations of purely technical character involving
original research as soon as sufficient material has accumulated to war-
rant such publication, and for such bulletins to continue the title of
"Stidies on American Grasses."

In the present bulletin are included descriptions and illustrations of
a number of new or little known species of grasses, including two from
Mexico, collected during the past season, one by Dr. Edward Palmer,
which is probably new, and one by Mr. C. G. Priugle; and an exhaustive
study of the histological characters presented by the leaves of those
remarkable grasses, Jouvea pilosa and Jouvea straminca, and of the
peculiar and very well marked species of Eragrostis which is here
described under the name of \E. obtu.nfora, upon the supposition that
it is the same as the Brizopyrum ohtusijiorum of Fournier.

Poa turner! Scribn. sp. nov. (Plate I). A stoloniferous and apparently dinccious
grass, 4 to 7 dm. liigli, with soft, flat leaves, and more or less sjjreading and
nodding panicles of rather large, compressed, 3- to 6-flowered spikelets. Culms
smooth, more or less geniculate at the lower nodes; nodes dark olive-green or
nearly black; sheaths striate, smooth; leaf blade 10 to 15 cm. hmg, 5 to 6 mm.
wide, acute, .scabrous near the apex, and sometimes .sparingly pilose on the
upper surface near the base, otherwise smooth; ligule hyaline, 5 to t! mm. long,
rounded at the apex. Panicle 8 to 15 cm. long, the slender bramhesiu threes or
fives (raiely in twosj, flower-bearing above the middle, naked below, the longer
lower ones 5 to 10 cm. long. Spikelets about 7 mm. long, ovate, 3- to 6 flowered,
glumes lanceolate, acuminate, the outer ones subequal, very acute, scarious
on the margins, 3-nerved, about e(iualing the nearest flowering glumes; flower-
ing glumes 5-nerved, scabrous on the keel near the acute apex, densely pilose
on the keel and marginal nerves below, with a copious tuft of long, cobwebby
hairs at the base, scabrous between the nerves above, more or less pubescent
between the nerves below in the fertile spikelets, margins scarious; palea a
little shorter than the glume, ciliate on the keel, and in the fertile spikelets

pubescent between the nerves.

5

Xo. 65, L. Stejueger, Knrilc Islands, August 22, 1896. Fertile plants of this spe-
cies are represented in the National Herbarinm l>y Nos. 1185, 1200, and a part of
No. 1206, L. M. Turner, collected on Atka Island, Alaska, in July, 1880, reported
to be common.

This species is very closely related to P. hisjudida Yasey, but may be distin-
guished bj' its more open and lax panicle, its larger spikelets, which are usually
4- to 5-flowered, and by its longer, narrower, and more acute glumes, both the
outer ones being 3-nerved and nearly or quite as long as the nearest llorai glumes.
Poa leibergii Scribn. sp. nov. (Plate II). A densely ciespitose, librous-rooted, gla-
brous perennial, with crowded basal leaves 1 to 5 cm. long, slender, scape-like
culms .5 to 1.5 dm. high, and few-flowered, simple panicles; base of the culms
densely clothed with loose scarious sheaths. Innovations iutravaginal. Culm
leaf one, hardly appearing above the leaves of the innovations; ligule very del-
icate, hyaline, about 2 mm. long; leaf blade about 1 mm. wide, 2 to 4 cm. long,
that of the culm 1 to 2 cm. long, conduplicate when dry, minutelj' scabrous along
the margins and at the ai)ex, otherwise smooth. Panicles Ijearing 3 to 7 spike-
lets, or sometimes reduced to a single spikelet. Lower branches nsuallj' in
pairs, minutely scabrous, each branch bearing a single sjiikelet. Spikelets 2- to
3-llowered, 5 to 6 mm. long, rather broadly ovate; outer glumes somewhat
unequal, the hrst broadly lanceolate, 1-nerved and subacute, the second much
broader than the first, 3-uerved, and varying from subacute to broadly truncate
at the erose-dentate apex; flowering glumes glabrous, the first 4 to 5 mm. long,
somewhat exceeding the outer glumes, distinctly 5-nerved, obtuse and erose-
dentate at the scarious ajicx; jialea a little shorter than the glume, ciliate-
scabrous on the keels excepting near the base.

Collected on the summits of the ridges which form the northwestern angle of
the barren valley, Malheur County, Oregon — the Owyhee-Malheur Divide, alti-
tude 1,250 m., No. 2171, John B. Leiberg, May 31, 1896.

Regarding this grass Mr. Leiberg says: "It grows in medium-sized, extremely
tufted, and densely matted patches, occurring rather sparingly in open, turfy
places in the Juniper timber, especially upon depressed areas which hold water
during a few weeks in early summer."

This species is at once distinguished from Poa pattersoni by its fewer-flowered
panicles and glabrous flowering glumes. The alpine Poa letiermani Yasey has
a habit of growth somewhat similar, and glabrous flowering glumes, but the
spikelets are hardly more than half as large, and the outer glumes exceed the
flowering glumes in length. It does not possess the long, scape-like culm of the
species here described. Poa prbiglei is a more rigid grass, with short, creeping
rootstocks, shorter culm leaves, and larger spikelets, the flowering glumes being
much firmer in texture and distinctly scabrous, especially near the apex.
Panicum leibergii Scribn. (Plate III). {Panicum acoparium Jeihergii Yasey, Contr.
U. S. Natl. Herb., A'ol. 3, 31.) {Panicum scribiieriantim hibergii Scribn. Bull. 6, Div.
Agros. 32; 1897.) — A slender, erect or ascending perennial 3 to 6 dm. high, with
rather broad, Hat leaves, and few-flowered panicles of comparatively large, obtuse
spikelets. Culms strongly scabrous, esj)ecially iu>ar the nodes, oltcu geniculate
at the base, finally much branched, branches erect; sheaths rather loose, striate,
papillate-pilose to hirsute, with rather long spreading hairs, the papillie lying
between the stria-, ciliate on the margins near the tliroat; ligule a \ cry narrow
and minutely ciliate ring, almost obsolete; leaf blades oi the primary ciiluis about
10 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide (those of the branches somewhat smaller and nar-
rower), with 9 to 11 nerves, lanceolate-acute, clasping at the rounded or subcor-
date base, conspicuously i)apillate-i)ilose on the lo\\ cr surface, sjiariugly so above,
rough scabrous on the upper surface and along the very narrow, cartilaginous
margins, which are also more or less conspicuously ciliate. Panicle ovate-oblong,
5 to 7 cm. long, sparingly branched, tlio scabrous branches more or less spreading,
bearing 1 to 3 spikelets. Sinkelets oblong, obtuse, 3 to 4 mm. long; the outer

Y

glumes papillate-ftilose witli ratlier stiff spreading hairs like those of the sheaths,
only somewhat longer; first glume broadly ovate, subacute, 3-nerved, one-third
to one-half as long as the second; second glume a little longer than the fourth,
rounded, obtuse, 7- to 9-nerved; third glume similar to the second, 9-nerved, with
a subhyaline palea nearly as long as itself, and usually inclosing a staminate
flower; fourth or fruiting glume smooth and shining, ol>tuse. marked with a
transverse fold or crease on the back, near the base. The panicle branches
become strict with age.

Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Sotith Dakota, Nebraska. The t^^pe specimens
were collected by John B. Leiberg, in Plymouth County, Iowa, 1878. Other
specimens in the National Herbarium are: From Minnesota, No. 3, L. K. Mover,
Chippewa County, June, 1894; Acton, Mercer County, June, 1892, collected by
W. D. Frost. Iowa, No. 69 B. Shimek, May 9, 1895, Johnson County. Missouri,
Nos. 730 and 744 B. F. Bush, Shannon County, May 15, 1894. Nebraska, No.
2523 Fred. Clements, Ponca, June 13, 1893. South Dakota, No. 12 Thomas A.
Williams, Brookings, July, 1891, also E. N. Wilcox, No. 16, 16a, 1896. One sheet
in the National Herbarium, marked "Stevens Pacific Railroad Expedition, 5
miles above Sonora," contains this species.

As in several species of the group to which this belongs, there is a smooth
ring just below the nodes; below this the culms are very strongly scabroiis.
This species may bo distinguished from ranicum paucij'orum Ell., by its sca-
brous culms, not, as in that species, more or less pubescent, by having the
sheaths, leaves, and spikelets papillate-pilose; l)y its broader leaves and fewer-
flowered and more simple panicles, ranicum scoparlum Lara., as understood by
the writer, is a much stouter plant with hairy culms, bearded nodes, and leaves
softly iiubescent beneath, ranicum serihneriatium Nash, differs from Panicum
leihrrf/ii in having pubescent culms and more broadly ovate, glabrous, or very
minutely pubescent spikelets, the first glume of which is much shorter and
broader in proportion to its length.
Elynius brownii Scribu. & J. G. Smith, sp. nov. (Plate IV). {Ehjmus mollia R.
Br., Richardson in Franklin Narr., First Voy., p. 732 [1823], notTrin.) A some-
what rigid, but rather slender, erect perennial 5 to 9 dm. high, with short cau-
line leaves and densely flowered spikes 4 to 10 cm. long. Rootstock creeping.
Culms smooth, occasionally glaucous, and often slightly pubescent just below
the nodes; sheaiths striate, smooth; ligule very short, hardly 0.5 mm. long; leaf
Idades rather rigid, those of the innovations erect, 10 to 18 cm. long, 2 to 5 mm.
wide, scabrous ou the margins and nerves beneath, smooth above, very acute
and somewhat pungent-pointed; cauline leaves erect or ascending, 5 to 12 cm.
long, 4 to 8 mm. wide, very acute. Spikelets 3- to 6 flowered, 10 to 15 mm. long;
outer glumes linear-subulate from the base, short awnpointed, nearly as long as
or much shorter than the spikelets, scabrous or minutely pubescent toward
the base ; flowering glumes rounded on the back, densely ])ubescent or subvillous,
short awnpointed; first flowering glnnie-8 to 10mm. long; awns2 to4 mmlong;
palea uealy as long as the glume, 2-toothed, flnely ciliate on the keels above.

Black Hillsof South Dakota-, British Columbia, and northward to Alaska. This
species is represented in the National Herbarium by specimens collected by Prof.
John Macoun, Bow River Pass, No. 107, September 13, 1879, also on the Sas-
katchewan Plains, No. 72, August 22, 1872; George W. Dawson, Dease Lake, lat.
58-, No. 103, June 23, 1887; Mr. James JIacoun, Kicking Horse Lake, British
Columbia, No. 43, August 16, 1890, altitude 5,000 feet and gravelly banks, Severn
River, Keewatin, July 29, 1886; 1178, P. A. Rydberg, June, 1892, Elk Canyon,
South Dakota; William M. Canby, Rocky Mountains, near Banft', Canada, .July
19, 1895. It is from this specimen that the plate illustratiug this species has
been drawn. English River, Saskatchewan; there is no further data attached
to this specimen.

8

This species is closely related to E. dasijstacliijs Trin., a specimen of which, from
the Botanical Miisenm of the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg, is in the
National Herbarium, but is easily distiuguished by the outer glumes. In
E. dasystachys Trin., the outer glumes are as long as the spikelet, distinctly flat-
tened, and smooth and shining on the buck, lu E. /^rofofu the outer glumes are
irreo-ular in leugth, usually much shorter than the spikelet, terete or subulate
from the very base, and are distinctly scabrous throughout and sometimes even
pubescent near the base. In the closely allied Ji". ^Mnce^s Fisch., the flowering
glumes are prominently nerved, while in E. brownii the nerves are not visible
from the back.
Elymus flavescens, Scribner &, J. G. Smith, sp., nov. (Fig. 1). A stout, erect peren-
nial 6 to 10 dm. high, from long, creeping rootstocks, with very long, somewhat
rigid leaves, and rather loosely-flowered, straw-colored spikes 10 to 20 cm. long.
Culms glabrous, usually pubescent just below the nodes. Sheaths striate, gla-
brous, often somewhat glaucous, the lowermost becoming loose and fibrous ; ligule
very short, scarious, distinctly auricled; leaf blades 20 to 40 cm. long, 1 to 8
mm. wide, linear, smooth below, strongly scabrous or strigose-pubescent above,
gradually tapering to the very acute, pungent tips. Spike linear or lanceolate,
often branching, forming a spikelike panicle; axis and pedicels more or less
silky-villous. Siiikelets somewhat compressed, 3- to 6-flowered, 1 to 2 cm. long,
densely villous with rather long whitish or yellowish hairs; outer glumes lan-
ceolate or linear-lanceolate, the second usually a little broader than the lirst,
more or less pubescent or silky-villous on the back, subaristate-point d, about
equaling the nearest flowering glume; flowering glumes broadly lanceolate,
ovate, very acute, mucronate or subaristate-pointed, margins scarious, very
densely silky-villous on the back with flavescent and more or less spreading
hairs, which are 2 to 3 mm. long; first flowering glume about 10 to 12 mm. long;
palea ranch narrower and about two-thirds the length of the glume, bifid at the
apex, scabrous along the keel above, pubescent below the lowermost and upper-
most spikelets often imperfect.
The habit of growth of this species resembles that of Elymus areuariux, but it is a
much more slender grass, with longer, more slender spikes, which are frequently
branched, becoming simple, spikelike panicles, and the spikes are conspicuous
by their pale yellow or whitish color and densely silky-villous s^nkelets. More
closely still does its habit of growth and inflorescence resemble E. dasysiachyn
Uttoralis Griseb., but in that grass the outer glumes arc glabrous and the floral
glumes are pubescent, not silky-villous. In American herbaria this species has
been referred to E. vtollis Brown and to E. dasystachys Trin.
Dry, sandy grounds and drifting sand dunes, Idaho to Oregon and Washington,
June. This species is represented in the National Herbarium by the following
specimens: 916 W. N. Suksdorf, June 11, 1886, Columbus, Klickitat County,
Washington; 257 E. Palmer, June .SO, 18ft2, Blackfoot, Idaho; Thomas J. Howell,
June 11, 1881, near the Dalles, Oregon, and one specimen from the Wilkes Exjilor-
ing Expedition, Avitliout locality.
Elymus dasystachys littoralis (uiseb. in Ledeb. Flor. h'oss. 4, 333. {Elymus Ut-
toralis Turcz.) A rather stout and somewhat rigid, erect ])erennial 8 to 10 dm.
high from extensively creeping rootstocks, with long, pungently pointed, narrow
leaves, and rather loosely flowered and often branched spikes 20 to 30 cm. Inug;
axis jjubescent. Culms glabrous, the lowermost nodes covered by loose, scarious,
and sometimes bladeless sheaths. Sheaths, excepting the basal ones, strongly
striate, glabrous; ligule very short, minutely ciliafe, usually strongly auriculate;
auricles, when i)rcseut, cymbiform; leaf blades 20 to 40 cm, long, 3 to 5 mm.
wide, glabrous beneath, strongly strigose-pubescent above, very long-acuminate-
pointed, becoming involute. Spikelets 5- to 9-flowered, solitary, in pairs, or
sometimes raised u])on short branches, the spike becoming a narrow panicle.
Outer glumes narrowly lanceolate, the second usually a little broader than the

first, scabrous along the keel, especially toward the rigid, sul.iilate apex, rarely
somewhat pubescent near the base, usually about one-fourth shorter than the
nearest llowcring glumes; flowering glumes 12 to 15 mm. long, lanceolate, very
acute or eubaristate-pointed, 5-uerved, margins scarioas, rather densely pubes-
cent ou the back for nearly two-thirds the length, the upper third glabrous;
palea nearly as long as the glume, minutely ciliate on the keels near the apex;
joints of the rachilla densely pubescent.

Idaho and Washiu-tou. This species is represented in the National Herbarium
by No. 466 Sandberg and Leiberg, Washington, collection of 1893; No. 356
E. Talmer, collected at Idaho Falls, Idaho, July, 1893.
In habit this grass very closely

resembles Ehjmns flarrscens ^ ^ ^^.^^ / J|

Scribn. & Smith, having simi-
lar creeping rootstucks, long
leaves and elongated, oiteu
branching spikes. It may at
once be distinguished, how-
ever, by having the flowering
clumes clothed merely with a
short and oppressed pube-
scence, while in E. Jtaresceiis
the flowering glumes are
densely villous with rather
long, usually yellowish and
spreading hairs. A grass
which corresponds very well
with the description of E. da-
sysiacliys, diftering from the
var. llitoralis here described
in its broader leaves, shorter
spikelets, rather narrower and
proportionately longer empty
glumes and with flowering
glumes pubescent nearly to
the tips, is reiiresented in the
National Herbarium by No.
1176, W. N. Suksdorf, collected
near Rockland, Klickitat
County, Washington, .July 3,
1890. A closely related form,
evidently belonging to this
species and possibly relerable
to var. aaper of Kegel, distin-
ofuished bv its less distiuctlv
creeping rootstocks, shorter
leaves which are not strigose-
j)ubesccnt above, shorter
spikes and fewer-flowered spikelets, which have the flowering glumes pubescent
(|uito to the apex, is represented by specimens in the National Herbarium, col-
lected at Ten Gulch, Colorado, by Trof. J. W. Letterman, August, 1885, and by
Dr. George A'asey at the .same locality, August, 1884. This form has some char-
acters in common with E. cuigmtiis, ^n\t differs from the grass referred to that
species in Bulletin No. 4, p. 38, in its awnkss glumes and more rigid spikes.
E. aiKjiistiis may at once be distinguished from any form of E. (htsystachijii by its
fewer-flowered spikelets, these being 2- to 3-flowered, while in E. uaaystachys
they are 4- to 9-flowered.

Yic. i.—Elymusfavescenfi Scribn. & Smith.

10

A comparison of the North Anioricau species oi Elymus of this group with types of
pnl>lishecl species or with authentically named material is greatly to he desired,
and is iu fact necessary to the jjositive identiiicatiou of the species.
Eragrostis obtusiflora Scribn. (Brizopynim obtuslflorum P^oum. ?) (Plate Y.) A
rigid, ii'laucoHS perennial, 3 to 5 dm. high, with strong, creeping rootstocks, stiff,
pungent-pointed leaves, and more or less spreading panicles 8 to 14 cm. long.
Scales of the stout rootstocks clo.sely imbricated Sheaths striate, sparingly
pilose at the throat, covering the internodes; ligiile very short, ciliate; leaf
blades erect-spreading, about 4 mm. wide at the base, convolute toward the
cartilaginous apex, minutely scabrous above, smooth Ijeneath. Panicle-branches
erect or somewhat spreading, sharply triangular, minutely scabrous, the lower
branches 5 to 7 cm. long. Spikelets 5- to 12-tlowered, 7 to 1.5 mm. long, lan-
cecdate, the tlorets rather crowded; empty glumes ovate-acute, somcw'nat coui-
pressed, 1-nerved, the smaller, lower one two-thirds the length of the first
floret ; flowering glumes broadly ovate, obtuse or subacute, rounded on the hack,
strongly 3-nerved, tirm-membranaceous, smooth ; palea broadly 2-keeled, minutely
scabrous on the keels, about the length of the glume.

No. 193 Wright (collection of the Mexican Boundary Survey under Maj. W.
H, Emory), on the margins of Laguua de Sta. Maria. Sulphur Springs Valley,
Arizona, Prof J. W. Tourney, September 26, 1896.

Dr. Thurber, in his manuscript notes upon the gras-ses of the Mexican Boundary
Survey, doubtfully referred this species to Glyceria, but its distinctly 3-nerved
flowering glumes at once separate it from that genus. The habit of growth sug-
gests ,1 relationship with Disliclilis and also with Jourea. The nervation of the
glumes at once distinguishes it from JUsiithUs, while the character of the inflo-
rescence and the hernuiphrodite spikelets clearly sejiarate it from Joiirea.

"This species is one of the most abuudant grasses in the extreme alkaline por-
tions of Sulphur Springs Valley, where the large rootstocks in many ]»laces bind
the sliilting sands. It rarely flowers, and its suijerficial appearance, without
flowers, is nnich the same as our common salt grass (IHstichJi-s spicala). It is a
hard, rigifl grass, but furnishes a large i)art of the forage of Sulphur Sju'iugs Val-
ley, when other grasses are eaten off or are cut short by drought." (Professor
Touuiey. )
Sporobolus plumbeus (Trin.) Hemsl. (I'late VI). Vilfd jihiinhca Trin., Agrost.
1 : 76, not Fourn.) A diffusely branching, leafy perennial 2 to 3 dm. high, with
creeping rhizomes and spreading, rather few-flowered panicles 5 to 9 cm. long.
Lea\es crowded below. Sheaths loose, somewhat compressed, striate with scari-
ous margins; lignle very short, hyaline, decurreut; leaf blades 3 to 7 cm. long,
about 2 mm. wide, acute, nunutely scabrous on the margins, especially near the
tips, otherwise smooth. Panicle-branches more or less spreading, solitary, 1 to
■5 cm. long, naked below the middle. Spikelets 3 mm. long, ovate, subacute;
outer glumes suberjual, rounded obtuse, second one sometimes broadh' trun-
cate, nerveless, about half the length of tln^ flowering glume; flowering glume
broadly'lanceolate, 3-nerved, subacute or submucronate ]K)inti'd, minutely scab-
rous toward the apex; palea somewhat broader than the floral gliiuie, about
equaling it in length, minutely scabrous near the tip. Mexico, No. 6617 C. G.
Pringle, ISitfi.

Mr. J'ringle's specimens agree so nearlj^ with Trinius, characters of his Vilfa
phiinlxa, that it seems almost certain they belong to that sjiecies. 1 have not,
however, been able to compare them with the type specimens. Trinius describes
nifa pJiimUftt as haviiig jjanicles 2 inches long, the solitary branches n;iked
below from the middle, the spikelets a line long and glabrous, with the leaves 1
to 1^ inches long and about a lino wide. In Pringle's sjiecimens the spikelets
are 1.} lines long, and both the flowering glume and palea minutely scabrous
toward the apex. The leaves are from 1 to 3 inches long. But this difference

11

in size may result from the specimens being of more vigorous growth than those
seen by Trinins, and will not warrant the separation of the 8i)ef'ies without a
comparison with the type.
Mulilenbergia flaviseta Scribu. sp. nov. (Plate VII). A slender, erect, glabrous per-
ennial, witli simple, scape-like culms 2 to 3 dm. high, short, creeping rootstocks,
flat leaves which are crowded at the base, and terminal, rather densely-flowered
panicles 2 to 6 cm. long. Leaves of the culm 2 fco 3, hardly exceeding tliose of
the innovations. Sheaths striate, glabrous, longer than the interuodes; ligule
very short, ciliate, decurrent; leaf Idades 5 to 10 cm. long, the upjiermost 1 to 2
cm. long, 2 to 4 mm. wide, gradually ta^iering from the base to the long attenuate-
pointed, scabrous tips, scabrous on the margins and strongly scabrous on the
upper surface. Panicle branches solitary, compound, naked below, more or less
spreading in anthesis, scabrous, as are the very short pedicels. Spikelets 3 to 4
mm. long exclusive of the awns ; outer glumes thin and somewhat scarious, very
i:nequal, the first one-fourth to nearly one-half the length of the second, which
• is 2 to 3 mm. long, oblong-lanceolate and subacute, the a^iex being minutely
ciliate with a few short hairs; flowering glume narrowly lanceolate, 3-nerved,
minutely scabrous on the midnerve above, very shortlj^ and minutely barbate at
the base; palea a little shorter than the glume, scabrous near the acute tip.
Awn yellow, 15 to 18 mm. long, arcuate or flexuose, minutely scabrous. No.
834, E. Palmer, Mexico, 1896.

This rather showy siJocies is related to Muhlenberyia gracilis, from which, how-
ever, it is readily distinguished by its much more slender and scape-like culms,
shorter panicle, and yellow, flexuose awns.

•'This grass was found at Dos Cajetes, 30 miles nearly west from Durango, on
the road to Otiuapa, altitude 8,500 feet, among pines and oaks, October 23, 1896.
Many plants grew together along the 8lo]ies of ravines. The color of the tops
gives a verj' showy a^ipearance, distinguishing the grass from everything around
it. But the animals did not appear to like it, because it was noticed that none
of the tops had been eaten off. It is a very abundant grass."' (E. Palmer.)

II LEAF STRUCTURE OF JOUVEA AND OF ERAGROSTIS

OBTUSIFLORA.

(Plates VIII and IX.)

By Miss E. L. Ogdex.

JOUVEA.

Two species of the genus Jouvca have been distinguished — J. irilosa
(Presl.) Sciibu. and J. straininca Fourn. In the former species no dis-
tinction can be made in habit or in character of leaves between $ and
3 plants, and to these the i i^lant of J. straminea bears a close resem-
blance. Their leaves are rigid, closely conduplicate throughout their
entire length, and terminate in a sharp, thorn-like point. The S plant
of J. stra7ninea, which is perhaps not identified beyond the possibility
of a doubt,^ usually has smaller and less rigid leaves tban those of the
other species, yet in respect both to size and rigidity the leaves of all
vary within wide limits, and render this distinction of little impor-
tance. In J. straminea the plants of diiferent sex are strikingly unlike.
The pistillate plant is slender with long, soft leaves that are flat for the
greater part of their length and slightly involute only toward the apex.

The points of resemblance presented by ijlants of different specievS as
well as the marked difference between tbe i)lants of different sex of the
S])ecies strain hi ea vGuder a close examination of their structure of much
interest. It is, furthermore, of mu(;h interest to compare with Jonna.,
the leaf stiucture of Eragrostis ohtnsijiora (Fourn.) Sciibn., a peculiar
grass of the same region, which was at first suspected to be a new spe
cies of the genus in question. And since Jouvea itself has been referred
to Distichlis, a comi)arative study is added of i>. sjncata (Linn.) Greene,
as a representative of the latter genus.

These plants are all inhabitants of dry regions. Jouvea and Era-
grostis obtusifiora belong to the sandy deserts of Arizona and Mexico,
while J), spicata has a wider distribution. They may therefore be
expected to show similarity in all characters of structure that are
especially affected by conditions of climate and soil. At the same time
])]ants of the same species growing under diftereut conditions will vary
much in regard to the presence and state of development of structures
ujton which ability to resist drought depends.

From an anatomical ])oint of view the leaf of Jourea pilosa is inter-
esting both on account of its individual peculiarities and on account of

' Bull. Ton-. IJot. Chib., ^'ol. XXIII, No. 4, Ai)ril, IS'JO, Grass Notes by F. Laiiisoii-
Scribiier.
12

13

the differences iu structure that accompany the outward changes of
form and texture from base to apex. Tlie lower part of tlie l)lade is
inclined to be invohite rather than conduplicate, but the central por-
tion is closely conduplicate when dry (probably always so) and the
leaf thence tapers to a sharp, rigid, thorn-like apex.

A basal transverse section of a leaf of the ? plant otJ.inlosa (tig. 1,
PI, YIII) has a slightly curved form iu accordance with the involute
character of the leaf at this point. The midrib differs from the other
large veins only iu the greater quantity of hypodermal fiber that
accompanies it on the lower face. The upper face of the leaf has deep
narrow furrows with rounded or nearly square ridges intervening.
The lower face has no furrows but is sometimes slightly undulate.

On the upper leaf surf aee the band of epidermis covering the fibrous
tissue at the summit of each ridge is composed of several rows of alter-
nately long and short cells interrupted by numerous, thick-walled uni-
cellular prickles. At each side of this band are several rows of cells
(figs. 1 and 2, «, PI. VIII) that cover the sides of the ridges and border
immediately on chlorophyll-bearing parenchyma. They have numer-
ous exodermal expansions that take the form of bluntly conical or
somewhat capitate projections of some portion of the outer walls of
the rectangular cells. These protuberances are often irregularly
grouped around the stomata (fig. 1, .v/., PI. VIII) which occur in one or
more longitudinal rows on each side of the ridges. Short, nearly
spherical, two-celled hairs occur in the rows of cells marking the border
between the first and second named bands of the epidermis. The long
unicellular hairs that cover the inner surface of the leaf at its base
spring from circular mound-like groups of deep and narrow colorless
cells. These occur among the bulliform cells and at the margins of
the leaf. Owing to the depth of the furrows, a surface view of the
bulliform cells is difficult to obtain, but a transverse section (fig. 1, B,
PL VIII) shows them to be in from three to five rows at the base of each
furrow. The lateral ones are not distinctly different from other epi-
dermal cells.

On the lower surface th^i epidermal cells (fig. 1, Z>, PI. VIII) covering the
bands of hypodermal fiber are narrower than those over the other
tissues. They are bordered on each side by one row of cells interrupted
by stomata. The epidermal cells covering the colorless cells between
the veins are in several rows and are wider than those over the fiber
bands. Their walls are undulate, and long and short cells alternate.
Iu transverse section the epidermal cells of the lower face are remark-
able for their large cavities. Although those covering the fiber bands
are smaller than the others, yet throughout the leaf and even at the
tip which consists wholly of sclerenchymatous fiber (fig. 5, PI. VIII), the
large lumina of the epidermal cells are conspicuous. Their outer Avails
are thickened and the surface of the leaf is very smooth and even. In
the median portion of the leaf there are no exodermal expansions, but

14

near its base small prickle sliaped expansions and two-celled hairs
occur. Stomata are numerous over the chlorophyll tissue and are
unprotected. They are not all depressed below the surface of the leaf,
and the guard cells are covered with cuticle that is only half as thick
as that over the other epidermal cells.

The arrangement of chlorophyll-bearing cells is concentric with
respect to each fibro-vascular bundle, and each bundle Avith its encir-
cling rows of chlorophyll-bearing cells is entirely separated from the
adjacent concentric systems by bands of colorless parenchyma that
extend from the bulliform cells above to the large epidermal cells
below.

The fibro-vascular bundles of the primary order have an unbroken
sheath of from one to several rows of cells. The sheath cells below the
bundle are often in two or more rows and have a small excentric himen
and very thick walls. The upper cells sometimes have comparatively
large central cavities and thin walls, aud again are like the lower cells.
In the lower cells the lamination of the cell walls and the radial canals
tlirough them are conspicuous. Bundles of the secondary order (one
to three of which intervene between two primary ones) have no large
oval vessels and no definite line between xylem and phloem. Their
sheath is of a single row of thick-walled cells below the bundle and
sonu'tinies on the sides, but above it is replaced by a group of thin-
walled, large-lumened cells, which, together with the bundle, assumes a
sharply oval or pear-shaped form. In longitudinal section the length
of these cells is from 1^ to 3 times their diameter. The transverse
walls are oblique and the ends overlap. The walls are often deli-
cately pitted. Every bundle is encircled by a ring of chlorophyll-
bearing cells (fig. 1, ch, ri. VILl) that are flattened on the sides next
each other and toward the bundle, but are convex on the outer side of
the ring. Separation of these cells by maceration proves that they are
closely coherent in longitudinal rows and that the convex wall (fig. 10,
ch, PI. IX) is of such uneven thickness that it may be said to be either
deeply pitted or reticulately thickened, while the other walls show
neither pits nor reticulate markings, though they are very firm in con-
trast to the delicate cell walls of the rest of the chlorophyll-bearing
tissue. This last, like that of nearly all grasses whose tissues have a
similar concentric arrangement, is composed chietiy of cells whose long
axis is parallel with that (^f the leaf and at least two of whose sides are
marked with dee[) regular incisions that are opposite each other aud
divide the cell into regular lobes (fig. 10, / />, PI. IX). The greatest
width of the cell in a direction radial with respect to the bundle is
several times greater than the width in a tangential direction, so that
in cross section the cells seem to be radially arranged about the inner
ring of pitted chlorophyll bearing cells. This arrangement is very
clearly seen in bleached sections (fig. 9, PI. IX). The bands of colorless
parenchyma (fig. 1, c^;, PI. VIII) between the ridges consist of one or

15

more rows of large, tliiu-walled cells ^vliicli at the lower surface of the
leaf expand into a width of three or four cells and at the upper surface
terminate in a group of bulliforiu cells.

The quantitj' and nature of h3'podernial fiber varies much in different
leaves. It always occurs, however, below all bundles in one or more
rows of cells and in several rows at the margin of the leaf and, except
below the miduerve, is separated from the bundles by chlorophyll-
bearing parenchyma. Hyi^odermal tiber above the bundles is repre-
sented b}^ cells which are small in diameter and have relatively large
cavities, but whose walls are firm (fig. 1, h, PI. VIII). The cells next to
the epidermis are usually more open, while the interior ones more
nearly approach oidinary fiber in character. The diameter of these
cells and the thickness of their walls vary considerably in different
leaves, and sometimes the tissue approaches colorless parenchyma
rather than fiber in appearance. Hypodermal fiber below the bundles
and at the margins usually shows an inner cellulose layer that almost
fills the cells, so that the cavity is sometimes barely distinguishable.
In less rigid leaves fiber below the bundles as well as that above is of
large lumeued cells, and variation in this respect is great. This is also
true of the leaves of the staminate i^lant.

A median section (fig. 2, PI. YIII) has the V-shape usual to condupli-
cate leaves (compare fig. 3, PI. VIII). The leaf is thicker here, and the
ridges are consequently higher than in the basal section. The superior
epidermis and the arrangement and character of the chlorophyll tissue
is the same as iu the lower part of the leaf. The midrib is narrower and
very acute, and the lateral ridges also assume a triangular shape. The
bulliform cells are usually larger, and the bundles are all oval. In the
primary bundles all the cells of the sheath, including those above the
bundle, have very thick walls. Less fully developed bundles have two
oval vessels, and the phloem is separated from the chlorophyll tissue by
a row of sheath cells similar to those in the largest bundles. The large-
lumened, thin-walled cells are inclosed by the ring of ]ntted chlorophyll-
bearing cells. Their number and the tliiekness of their walls vary with
the thickness and rigidity of the leaf. The bands of colorless paren-
chyma between the ridges are not continuous from one face of the leaf
to the other, but are interrupted by a strand of fiber (fig, 4, h, PI, A'lII)
that is next the epidermis of the lower face and occupies the space
that, in the basal section, is filled by very thin-walled, large lumened,
colorless, parenchyma cells. The thickness of this fibrous strand varies
nmch in different leaves. It is sometimes represented by two or three
small cells with slightly thickened walls, and sometimes it forms a wide
band of very strong fibrous cells <)ccu]>ying a third of the thickness of
the leaf. The character of the fibrous cells is usually more uniform in a
median than in a basal section, although the cells on the upper surface
still show larger cavities than those below. From the middle to the apex
of the leaf the sections show^ successively fewer and narrower ridges,

16

and fibrous masses grow tliicker beneatli the colorless parenoliyina
while they decrease under the biuidles. The form of the section becomes
more and more closed until near the apex it assumes a palette or a. cir-
ular shape (fig. 5, PI. YIII). Here the center consists of a few large cells
with scanty chlorophyll contents, but the rest is occupied by thickened
cells of various sizes, all, however, with distinct lamination and con-
spicuous radial canals. As long as chlorophyll tissue a;)pears near the
surface, even in the tliorn-like tip, stomata are to be found in the outer
epidermis.

The S plant of J. sframinea does not differ much from that of J.pilom^
except that it is smaller and less rigid. Anatomical differences are
not more pronounced. The fibrous tissue is very slightly developed;
the cells are few and their walls thin, even in the strand at the margin
of the leaf, and the strands under and above the bundles are reduced
to one or two cells. The 9 plant, on the other hand, is widely differ-
ent from the $ plant of the same species. When drj^, the leaves are
flat except at the apex, which is somewhat involutely folded. They are
less rigid than those of the staminate plant, and the apex is not pun-
gently pointed. One or two young leaves, however, at the apex of each
shoot are conduplicate, and are curved backward as in the male plant.
The transverse section of one of these reveals the presence of ridges and
furrows, and the bulliform cells are much smaller than those of older
leaves of the same shoot. This difference is wholly due to the unde-
veloped condition of the bulliform cells consequent on the immaturity
of the leaf. The flat leaves have usually one or two nerves of one
margin folded inward for the whole length of the leaf, and it is this
bend that, by bringing the margins close together, is chiefly responsible
for the involute or conduplicate folding of the leaf at its apex.

A transverse section (fig. 6, PI. IX) shows that the veins do not form
ridges, but are, on the contrary, often depressed below the level of the
bands of prominent bulliform cells. The veins of the basal portion of
the leaf are covered for a short distance with numerous prickles. With
the exception of these and of a few others sparsely scattered along the
nerves and margins, the upper epidermis has no exodermal expjinsions
proi^er, though the club-shaiied cells that cover the chlorophyll jiaren-
chyma overlap in such a way as to make the larger end of the cell some-
what prominent. It is chiefly remarkable for the size and number of
bulliform cells (tig. <i, B, PI. IX), which are arranged in from 5 to 7 rows,
the central one being very acute at the summit and very broad at the
base, the 1 iteral cells (fig. 0, />, PI. IX) narrow and deep and projecting
far beyond the stomata which border them, so that in surface view the
latter are almost hidden. A longitudinal section shows that the length
of the bulliform cells is never as great as their depth, and also that the
underlying colorless cells are two or three tinu'S as long as tlie bulli-
form cells. Toward the apex of the leaf there are a few prickles along
the nerve that marks'the marginal fold; otherwise the lower epidermis

17

Las uo exodermal expansions, tliougli its cells are less regular than
those of tbe male plant. Bands of colorless parenchyma exteud in one
row of cells from the bulliform cells to the opposite face of the leaf and
are never interrupted below by hypodermal fiber. Fiber is present at
the margin of the leaf and there are a few fiber-cells, often only one or
two, above and below each bundle. The cells are thick-walled with
scarcely distinguishable cavities. The large bundles are like those of
Distichlis spieata. They differ from those of the male plant in having
not only a band of sheath cells dividing the xylem from the phloem, but
also almost invariably a band of several rows of the same cells divid-
ing the phloem into two j)arts. Also there is a sheath of one row of
cells that are thick- walled around the sieve portion of the bundle, but
thin walled above the xylem.

ERAGROSTIS OBTUSIFLORA.

In this grass the leaves are more slender and less rigid than those
of Jouvea pilosa, but sections from ditierent parts of a leaf show the
same variations of general form, the basal section being curved and the
median y-shaped (figs. 3 and 4, PI. VIII). The apical section differs from
the median in degree only and not in form. The presence of ridges and
furrows on the upper tace, the shape of the bundles, and the general
character of the bands of hypodermal fiber (fig. 7, PI. IX) are like those
of Jouvea pilosaj as is also the concentric arrangement of the tissues,
and the bands of colorless parenchyma between the bundles. The lower
surface of the leaf is slightly furrowed. Long pilose hairs and two-
celled hairs are altogether wanting or are rare on the upper surface, but
otherwise the exodermal exi)ansions are as in J. pilosa. The epidermis
of the lower face differs in that the cells covering colorless parenchyma
are very irregular in form and in the thickness of the walls. These
cells frequently have curved beak-like expansions that project over the
stomata ; their walls are very unevenly thickened and show many radial
canals. They are frequently interrupted b}" glandular bodies that have
a spherical hyi)odermal portion, a narrow neck, and -a capitate exoder-
mal portion. Similar glands occur in the superior ei^idermis on the
sides of the ridges. The epidermal cells are all very small in trans-
verse section. In a basal section primary and secondary bundles occur
in regular alternation, but in a median section two or three secondary
ones intervene between two j^rimary. The primaiy bundles differ slightly
from those of a corresponding section of J. pilosa in that a row of thick-
ened cells separates xylem from phloem. The secondary bundles differ
in the marked line between xylem and phloem and also in the nature of
the sheath. This consists of a single row of cells. Below and above the
bundle these have relatively smaller cavities and thicker walls than the
corresponding cells of J. pilosa, but frequently on either side of the
bundle there occurs one cell much larger than the others, of more angular
shape, and in almost any section taken at random a transverse, pitted
14837— Xo. 8 2

18

wall is conspicuous. The two uppermost cells of the inner clilorophyll-
bearing ring are at least twice as large as the other cells of tlie ring,
and are usually wedge-shaped witli the narrow end turned toward the
bundle. They are either more liable to lose their contents in cutting or
else are less abundantly filled, so that they often resemble colorless
parenchyma. iS^o large, thin-walled cells are enclosed by the chloro-
phyll ring, but on the other hand large groups of these cells occupy
the whole summit of each ridge from one side to the other and from
the round chlorophyll cells to the fiber above. The central colorless
cells of each ridge are much larger than those that underlie the epider-
mis of the sides of the ridge and the fiber at its summit.

The cells composing the bands of hypodermal fiber show a more
uniform character than those of J. pUosa^ though the cells at the sum-
mit of the ridges generally show larger cavities than cells of the same
tissue elsewhere. Its distribution is the same as in the basal section
otJ.pilosa, but the masses of this tissue below the bundles are sepa-
rated from the bundle by three or four cells that form a continuous ring
with the pitted chloroi)hyll-bearing cells, but are either entirely without
contents or have only a few chlorophyll grains. The second ring of
chlorophyll-bearing cells is consequently interrupted above the bundle
by coh>rless parenchyma and below it by hypodermal fiber, and so exists
simply as a baud on each side of the bundle. Besides the cells arranged
radially about the bundles, there are others more irregularly lobed that
occur near the epidermis where it is contiguous to colorless parenchyma.
Median sections do not differ much from basal sections. The ridges are
more acute, and two or three secondary bundles intervene between two
primary ones. The fibrous cells are a little smaller and have thicker
walls, and the cells of the sheaths of the large bundles are more nearly
of a uniform size and thickness. Hypodermal fiber does not (as iu
J. xnlosa) occur under the colorless parenchyma between ridges.

DISTICHLIS SPICATA.

When dry, the leaves of 1). Hincata are involute throughout. The
epidermis of the leaf shows irregularities like those of JErar/rostis
obtiisijiora, but more numerous and larger, and iu addition covering the
fibrous tissue of the lower face. The chlorophyll-bearing parenchyma is
not different from that of the other grasses. The bundle sheaths and
secondary bundles resemble those of Er(({jrosfi,s ohfusiflora^ but the
prinuiry bundles have the plilot'm interspersed witli thick-walled
cells like those that separate it Iron i the xylem; these maybe in an
irregular group or may form an interrui)ted line dividing the phloi'ui
into two i)arts. Colorless parenchyma is absent except in the bands
between the bundles. There is none at the summit of the ridges nor
within the ring of chlorophyll-bearing cells. The fiber has the same
distribution as in Ermjrostis ohtu.sijiora, but all the cells both above

19

and below tbe bandies and at the margin are very thick- walled, with
the cavity almost obliterated by the inner thickening layer.

In all the species that we have described it will be observed that the
general arrangement of the tissues is the same — that is, the chlorophyll-
bearing tissues are arranged in two rings concentric with each hbro-
vascular bundle, and each concentric system is separated from the
next by a band of colorless parenchyma. All but J. straminea are
deeply furrowed on the upper face, and all, either on one or on both
faces, are well furnished with exodermal exi^ansions. The furrowed
leaves are either permanently closed as in J. pilosa and S J. straminea,
or have the power of rolling or unrolling in accordance with varying
degrees of moisture. The 5 J. straminea alone lacks this power, and
thus shows itself less fitted for extremes of drought and heat than do
the others. Bands of large thin-walled, colorless parenchyma cells are
very common in grasses of dry regions. It is thought that such cells
supplement those of the epidermis as storage places for water. It has
also been suggested that when situated under bulliform cells they aid
these to i^erform their function. In some cases, however, this is clearly
not the actual effect; for, as in the exami)le before us, J. straminea,
such cells may be present in unusual size and abundance and still the
leaf may prove singularly immovable. It is possible that such an
arrangement aids in admitting light to the interior of the leaf, and this
view is supported by the fact that the lobes of the chlorophyll cells are
perpendicular to the band, just as palisade cells are perpendicular to
the surface of many leaves. The advantage of additional means for
utilizing light is evident when we consider that the extent of leaf sur-
face exposed to the air is frequently reduced to a minimum in order to
prevent excessive evaporation.

A strong development of fibrous tissue and strong bundle sheaths
are common to grasses of dry regions, but it is rare that isolated strands
of such tissue ap])ear below the bands of colorless cells as in J. pilosa;
they are usually found opposite the bundles only or form a continuous
layer along the whole under surface of the leaf. It is also of rare
occurrence to find so marked a difference between basal and median
sections of the same leaf. The hypodermal fiber of J. pilosa, as we
have seen, presents much variety both in quantity and in character.
Its cells range from those with scarcely thickened walls to those whose
cavity is almost entirely obliterated, and range from a group of a fex?
cells only to very large, strong masses. A comparison of leaves of very
rigid plants of D. spicata with the least rigid specimens of the same
species shows that in this grass also the same thing is true of fibrous
tissue. Its presence in certain positions is practically constant, but the
size of the strands and the thickness of the walls of the individual cells
vary much.

Although the leaves of the grasses under consideration diifer from
each other sufiicieutly to render it unlikely that necessity should arise

20

for distinguislimg tliem by anatomical characters, yet it is interesting
to note that in case of such a contingency separation of the species by
structural peculiarities would be an easy matter. It would be of impor-
tance that the leaf to be examined should be fully developed, and if only
a portion of a leaf were at hand to know whether it were basal, median,
or apical. The latter question is not of vital importance, however,
though where there is a choice in the matter a median section is best.
The staminate plants of J. inlosa and J. straminea coukl not be sepa-
rated by anatomical characters, but assuming as the standard a median
section of a full-grown leaf of a 9 plant of each species, the following
table would serve to separate these four grasses :

Leaves unfurrowed on the upper face 9 Joitvea straminea.

Leaves furrowed ou the upper face.

1. Colorless parencbyuia below the bypodermal fiber at the summit of the ridges,

Eragrostis odttinflora.

2. No colorless parenchyma at the summit of the ridges.

a. Leaf thick; inferior epidermis smooth or nearly so; fiber situated under the

colorhiss parenchyma between the bundles Jouvea pUosa.

b. Leaf thin; inferior epidermis rough with numerous expansions; no strand

of fiber under the colorless parenchyma between the bundles,

iJistichlis sjncata.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Plate I. Poa tunieri Scril»n. a, empty glumes of 9 spikelet; h, four florets of

the same; c, empty glumes of ^ spikelet; d, llorets of the same.
Plate II. Poa leibergii ScriLn. a, empty glumes; h, spikelet with the empty
glumes removed ; the lower figure on the left represents the flower-
ing glume expanded.
Plate III. Panicum leibergii Scribn. a, spikelet showing first glume; ?>, spike-
let seen from the opposite side, showing the second glume ; c, spikelet
seen from the side, showing portions of four glumes; d, third glume
with its palea; e, fourth glume seen from the back; /, fourth glume
and palea.
Plate IV. Elymus Itrownii Scribn. & Smith, a, iwrtion of the rachis of the
spike, showing two pairs of empty glumes; h, sjiikelet, empty
glumes removed.
Plate V. Eragrostis obtusiflora Scribn. a, empty glumes of the spikelet; b,
spikelet, the lower empty glumes removed; c, flowering glume
expanded; d, lateral view of palea; e, portion of the rootstock.
Plate VI. Sporobolus plumbeus Hemsl. rt, spikelet; fc, empty glumes; c, flower-
ing glume and palea; d, caryopsis.
Plate VII. Muhlenbergia flaviseta Scribn. a, empty glumes; ?), flowering glume
and palea, a portion of the awn removed; c, second empty glume,
expanded.
Plate VIII. Leaf structure of Joiivea and of Eragrostis obtusiflora.

Fig. 1. Poi'tion of a basal section of the leaf of Jourca pilosa; a, h, epidermal

cells.
Fig. 2. Portion of a median section of the leaf of Jo uvea pUosa; a, exodermal

expansion of an epidermal cell.
Fig. 3. Diagram of median section of the leaf of Eragrostis obtusiflora, showing

conduplicate foi"m.
Fig. 4. Diagram of a transverse section of the leuf of Eragrostis obtusiflora,

showing involute form.
Fig. 5. Apical section of the iaaf of Jourea pilosa.
Plate IX. Leaf structure of Jourea, Eragrostis obtusiflora, and Distichlis spicata.
Fig. 6. Portion of a median section of a leaf of Jourea straminea; b, lateral

bulliform cells.
Fig. 7. Portion of a section of a leaf of Eragrostis obtusiflora.
Fig. 8. Portion of a section of a leaf of Distichlis spicata.
Fig. 9. Portion of a section of a leaf of Distichlis spicata, bleached, showing

radial arrangement of cells.
Fig. 10. a, portion of longitudinal section of a leaf of Jourea pilosa ; b, isolated,
lobed, assimilating cells.

In figures 1 to 9 inclusive of Plates VIII and IX the lettering is as follows :
Transverse sections: M, midnerve; inf ep, inferior epidermis; sup cp, superior
epidermis; B, group of bulliform cells; ch, ]iitted chhjrophyll-beariug cells; I,
lobed chloro])hyll-bearing cells; cj<, colorless parenchyma; x, xylem; jj/i, phloem;
8, sheath of tibro-vascular bundle; st, stoma.
22

Bui. 8, Div. of Agrostology.

Plate I.

POA TURNERI Scribn.

Bui. 8, Div. of Agrostology.

Plate II.

POA LEIBERGII Scribn.

Bui. 8, Div. of Agrostology.

Plate III

PanICUM LEIBERGII Scribn.

Bui. 8, Div, of Agrostology.

Plate IV.

ELYMUS BROWNII Scnbn. & Smilh.

Bui. 8, Div. of Agrostology

Plate V.

ERAGROSTIS OBTUSIFLORA Scribn.

Bui. 8, Div. of Agrostology.

Plate VI.

SPOROBOLUS PLUMBEUS Hemsl.

Bui. 8, Div. of Agrostology.

Plate VII

^■^:.

MUHLENBERGIA FLAVISETA Scribn.

Bui. 8; Div, of Agrostology.

Plate VIII.

X M

-, X p/i
siipeu^ \ _X-

fe|teS

Leaf Structure of Jouvea and Eragrostis obtusiflora.

Bui. 8, Div. of Agrostology.

Plate IX.

JO

OODOO

ct

sup.e,

ip.ep.

cp

a

Leaf Structure of Jouvea, Eragrostis obtusiflora, and Distichlis spicata.

IN DEX,

Page.

Brizopyrnni obtiisiflorum 5

Disticlilis spicata 10, 12, 18

Elyxnus angustus 9

arenarius 8

brownii '^18

dasystachys 8

asper 9

littoralis 8

fiaAescens 8, 9

juncens 8

littoralis 8

mollis 7, 8

Eragrostis obtusiflora 5, 10, 12, 17

Joiivea pilosa 5i 12

straminea 5, 12

Muhlenbergia flaviseta 1 1

Page.

Muhlenbergla gracilis H

Panicum leibergii 6, 7

pauoitlorum 7

scopariimi 7

leibergii 6

scribneriaimm 7

leibergii 6

Poa hispidula 6

leibergii 6

lettermani 6

pattersoni 6

pringlei ^

turneri 5

Sporobolus plunibeus 10

Vilfa plumbea 10

23

Bulletin No. 9.

Agros. 20.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE.

DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY.
[OraS!ii and Foraa;c Plain In veMiigatioun.]

NOTES

ox THE

GRASSES AND FORAGE PLAxNTS

OF

IOWA, NEBRASKA, AND COLOEADO.

r.Y

L. H. PAMMEL,

Professor of Botany in Iowa Agricultural College.

PREPAKED rXDEK THE DrRECTIOX OF THE AGROSTOLOGLST.

• WASHIXGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

189 7.

Bulletin No. 9.

Agros. 20.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE.

DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY.
[C!ra»*!!i aii<l For»$;<- Plant. IiiveMtigatioiiN.J

NOTES

ON THE

GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS

ov

IOWA, NEBRASKA, AND COLORADO,

BY

L. II. PAMMEL,

I'rofe>i!ior of BoUimj in luiva A<jricu}turid CoUcf/c.

I'UEPAKEl) UXDEK THE DIRECTION OF THE AGEOSTOLOGIST.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1897.

LETTER OE TRAXSMEFrAL.

U. S. Department of Agriculture,

Division of Agrostology,
Washington, D. C, August 10, 1897.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith and recommend for
publication as Bulletin No. 9 of this Division, a report by L. H. Pam-
mel, professor of botany in the Iowa Agricultural College, on the
grasses and forage plants of Iowa, Nebraska, and Colorado. The three
States included in this report, especially the first named, are great
stock-raising States, and all information pertaining to the food sup-
ply — the grasses and forage plants — for the cattle, horses, and sheep
can not fail to be of interest. This report is in line with the investi-
gations of the grasses and forage plants of the Northwest now being
carried on by the Division.

The report here presented is divided into three parts, the first includ-
ing general observations upon the physical conditions and important
questions relative to forage production in the States named; the second
is devoted to an enumeration of the more important grasses and forage
plants of these States, alphabetically arranged, with economic notes;
in the third part the author presents a classified list of the grasses of
Iowa, Nebraska, and Colorado collected by him during the seasons of
1895 and 189G.

Respectfully, F. Lamson-Scribner,

Agrostologist.
Hon. James Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.

3

CONTENTS.

Page.

Field notes and general observations 7

Introduction 7

Iowa 7

General features of central and western Iowa 7

Obstacles in the way of growing native forage plants 9

Nebraska 10

The forage problem 10

Nati ve grasses 10

Colorado 11

( 'entral and northern Colorado 11

Forage conditions of the prairies and sand hills 12

Grasses and forage plants of the foothills and moimtains 13

Chemical composition of some Colorado forage plants 15

List of the more important grasses and forage plants of Iowa, Nebraska, ami

Colorado, with economic notes 16

List of grasses collected in Iowa, Nebraska, and Colorado 35

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.

Fig. 1. Alfalfa {Medicago sativa) 16

2. B'lj^ B\ne-^tem {.I ndropogoii 2)ioi-iiicialts) 18

3. Blue Grama ( Bouteloua oUgostachya) 19

4. P)uftalo-gra8S (Bulhilis dachjloides) 21

5. Fresh-water Cord-grass {Spariina cynosuroides) 22

6. Hungarian Brome-grass { Bromus inermis) 24

7. Kentucky Blue-grass ( 7'oa pratensis) 25

8. Orchard-grass ( Thictylis glomerafa) 28

9. Prairie June-grass {Koeleria vriniaia) 29

10. Short-awned Brome (Bromus hreviaristatuH) 31

11 . Side Oats fJrama ( Bouteloua ci(rtipetidnh( ) 32

12. Turkey-foot-grass {Aridropogon hallii) 34

NOTES ON THE BRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS OF
IOWA, NEBRASKA, AND COLORADO.

FIELD NOTES AND GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

INTRODUCTION.

One of the most important industries in tlie States of Iowa, Nebraska,
and Colorado is that of stock raising, and couse<{iiently the forage and
the conditions of the native forage plants are subjects of vital interest
to the farmer. In order to study these conditions several of the more
important points in Iowa west and northwest of Ames were visited at
various times in 1895 and 189G, and in the latter year collections and
observations were made in the vicinity of Omaha, Lincoln, Crete, Hast-
ings, and ]\IcCook, in Nebraska, and also in northern and central Colo-
rado in the vicinity of Fort Morgan, Greeley, Fort Collins, Golden,
Denver, and Colorado Springs. Some time was spent in the foothills
and mountains west of Fort Collins along the tributaries of the Cache
la Poudre, at Clear Creek Canyon west of Golden, at Cheyenne Canyon
not far from Colorado Springs, and on Pikes Peak.

IOWA.

GENERAL FEATURES OF CENTRAL AND WESTERN IOWA.

West of Ames there are several important valleys — the Des Moines,
Coon, and Boyer; northwest of Carroll there are the Little and Big
Sioux, the Maple, and the Floyd. Along the Coon and Des Moines
rivers the country is rough, and but little hay is cut, though nuich of
the timber land is used for pasture. Along the Boyer, Maple, and
Floyd rivers the immediate banks contain some timber, but the flood
plains are open and covered with a luxuriant growth of grasses.

The forage question in central Iowa is very different now from wha4;
it was fifteen years ago. At that time considerable areas of unbroken
sod still remained. Now the wild prairies have almost ceased to be a
factor in the production of hay. The extensive prairies have given way
to cultivated fields and pastnres. Small unbroken areas occur here and
there, but these are chiefly confined to the small drainage basins
between hills, and exist largely because in times of considerable pre-
cii^itation these depressions are too moist for proper cultivation. The
Boyer and Maple valleys are noted for the large croi)S of wild hay

8

auiiually produced. Tlie same may be said of the rich alhivial flood
phiiii of the Missouri. This phiiu varies from a few to 15 miles iu
width, the averaj^e being from 8 to 12. The hay crop constitutes one
of the chief sources of revenue for the farmers of this region, aud coukl
be made mucli more important if they wouhl foHow a more rational
system of cropping.

The chief luiy phmts cultivated iu central Iowa are Timothy, Eedtop,
Blue-grass, and Red Clover. The principal plants used in pastures
are Blue-grass, White Clover, Kedtop, and Timothy. In the Boyer and
Maple valleys and on the Missouri bottoms the wild grasses predomi-
nate. To a limited extent, alfalfa meadows have been started iu
Carroll, Ida, and Woodbury counties. The loess hills, skirting the
Missouri bottoms, are mostly cultivated, though unbroken wild mead-
ows and pastures still remain. In the eastern portion of this district
considerable corn fodder is used as forage, the amount used depending
largely upon the condition of the pastures and meadows.

Many other grasses have been tried with varying success. Orchard
grass, naturalized iu many places, is one of the most successful. Tall
Oat-grass gives some i)romise. Perennial Kye-grass is nearly worth-
less for this section of the State. Italian Ryegrass is unable to resist
the cold of our winters and is a complete failure. Meadow Foxtail
{Alopecuriis pratcnsis) does fairly well as an early grass when sown
the season before, but is hardly adapted to this section. The most
promising of the recently introduced grasses is Smooth or Hungarian
Brome. The Short-Awued Brome has also been tried and is very prom-
isiug. Rye and Barley are often used as forage plants. German millet
and Hungarian-grass find extended use some seasons. Broom Corn
Millet is frequently sown in northern and northwestern Iowa.

But one legume is generally grown, aud that is Red Clover. Mam-
moth, or Medium, Clover is often sown, but is much less common than
the i)recediug. Alsike (Uover is becoming more common. Two sweet
clovers are not infrequent; the White Sweet Clover is more abundant
than the yellow. Crimson Clover has been tried repeatedly, but is not
adapted to Iowa conditions. It suffers much from drought in late
summer, and from insect and fungus enemies.

Many native species of grasses occur, aud they vary in (juautity and
quality in different sections of the State. The dominant grasses of
central Iowa are Little Blue-Stem and Big Blue-Stem. Both of these
species are frequently called Blue- Joints. Several species of Elymus
are abundaut, as Wild Rye, on the prairies and meadows; Lyme-grass
on the flood plains of streams, and Dennett grass along the borders of
woods. Other common grasses are: Indian Beard-grass, or liushy
nine Stem, in ])rairies and open woods; Tall (Jrama-grass of the dry
]»rairies and gravelly knolls; Nodding Fescue iu woods; Slender Fescue
iu dry .sterile soils; Short's Fescue in low prairies, a most valuable
species; Switch-grass in rather moist meadows; Satin grasses [Mnhlvn-
bagia racemoaa, M. iJIJJ'nsa, M. irilhlcuovU, aud M. mcxkana) in moist

9

soil of open woodlands and meadows; Swamp Chess in open Avood-
lands; Fowl Meadow-grass in low grounds along streams; Wire grass
and Squirrel-tail-grass, an introduced S])ecies, in meadows and waste
places; Blue- Joint, Eeed Canary grass, (Jommon Keed-grass, and Float-
ing Manna-grass in marshy places and shallow water; Large Rush-grass
and Bunch-grass in drj^ prairies. In northwestern and western Iowa
the above as well as some additional species occur. Among the latter
are Western Wheat-grass, Bearded Wheat-grass, Blue Grama, Slough-
grass, and Big Sand-grass.

The most widely-distributed of all the native leguminous plants is
Canadian Eattle-weed {Astragalus caitadensis), a thrifty, hardy, and
vigorous species found in woods, low meadows, and prairies. It is eaten
by stock, but becomes rather woody when old. Buffalo Pea, or Ground
Plum, is common on dry sterile hills throughout the region and affords
valuable forage. American vetch is one of the most valuable of the
native legumes. It grows in the moist soil of low prairies and open
woodlands. This vetch is well adapted to the conditions of western and
northwestern Iowa, and does well under cultivation. The prairie clovers
{Fetalostemoii violaceus Michx., and P. candidus Michx.) are common on
the prairies everywhere, as also on the loess soils of western Iowa.
These plants are seldom eaten by stock unless forage is scant. Dalea
alopecuroides W^illd. is common throughout the loess region and has been
introduced farther eastward. Wild vetch, well known as a valuable
forage plant of the Northwest, is indigenous to the loess, though not
abundant except locally. It has been introduced into Boone County.
Running Buffalo clover {Trifolium sfoloniferum Muhl.), a native, is con-
sidered a valuable forage ])lant by the farmers of western Iowa, and is
worthy of a trial under cultivation. Mention should also be made of a
Loco plant {Oxytrojns lamhertii Pursli.) native to this region. Though
often consumed by stock, no complaints have been made that it pro-
duces loco poisoning. Rattlebox {Grotalaria sagittaUs L.) occurs in the
more sandy bottoms of the Missouri River. Complaints have frequently
been made of the trouble it causes when fed to horses. The disease it
produces has been called " crotalism."

OBSTACLES IN THE WAY OF GROWING NATIVE FORAGE PLANTS.

There are some serious obstacles in the way of maintaining the
native meadows and pastures of Iowa. These may be classed under
two heads— the overstocking of pastures and the growth of weeds.
Many farmers attempt to raise more stock than their pastures will
safely accommodate. The grasses can not endure the close grazing
and excessive trampling to which they are subjected, and conse/iuently
they die out. Snow in this section of the State is usually blown from
the open fields soon after falling, and hence can not be depended upon
to protect the grass roots in pastures that have been too closely grazed.
As a result of this, weedy annuals, like Southern Poverty-grass, Foxtail
aud Squirreltail spring up to take the place of the better perennial

10

species, or the native ragweeds and verbeuas spread and occupy the
soil. All of these have become so plentiful that farmers remark ou
their more frequent occurrence now than in former years. Several
rank-growing weeds are abundant in meadows and pastures of western
Iowa. Sunllower and ]\Iarsh Elder find in the rich alluvial soil of the
river bottoms a most congenial place for their development. They are
especially troublesome on land that is often flooded during spring
freshets. It may be that farmers of this region who rely chieHy on
the hay crop will be obliged to introduce better turf-forming grasses,
such as can resist the inroads of these weeds. From what I have seen
of Blue-grass in this region it may prove a good grass for this purpose
and Hungarian Brome {Bromus inermiii) may prove to be of even greater
value. Snow-on-the-Mountain {EuphorUa marginata), a well-known
ornamental plant, is a serious pest in western and northwestern Iowa.
Golden Bods are often troublesome in pastures, especially SolUhu/o
canadensis and 8. rifiida. Stock will not eat them unless forced to do
so, and when once well established in the pasture they are very difficult
to eradicate.

NEBllA.SKA.

THE FORAOK PUOBLEM.

The forage problem of Nebraska is one of peculiar interest. A great
variety of native species occur because of the diversified climate and
soils of the State. Observations were made in the vicinity of Omaha
and thence southwest to Lincoln, Crete, Hastings, and McCook to the
Colorado line. The rich, fertile bottoms along the Missouri, the rolling
prairie west of Omaha, the fertile valleys of the Platte, Salt, and P.lue
rivers, the salt marshes in the vicinity of Lincoln, the vast stretch of
level prairie about Hastings, the flood plain of the Bepublican Biver,
with the rolling clay hills that rise from this valley, the narrow canyons,
and the sand hills in the western part of the State are striking illus-
trations of the varied features of this region. Grazing is now, and
ever will be, an important industry in the western half of the State.
Although the grasses may not grow so luxuriantly season after season
in Nebraska as in Iowa, the climate is more favorable for winter graz-
ing than in the latter State, and there is a large number of valuable
species of native forage plants.

NATIVE GRASSES.

It will not be necessary to discuss the forage plants of eastern Nebraska,
as the conditions are similar to those in Western Iowa, and the forego-
ing remarks will apply to this region.

In the central and western parts of the State the farmer relies chiefly
on the native forage plants. I was unable to 11 nd a single introduced
grass snperior to Grama-grass, Wild Wheat, Turkey-foot, I'.ig P.hie-
Stem, and i'.nffalo- grass. 1 was strongly imi)ressed with the fact that
the grasses best adapted to this climate are the native species. In

11

alludiiii? to the value of our native grasses to obtain improved forms,
Prof. F. Lamson-Scribner says:

Nearly all of our ctiltivatetl forage plants areof Ibreigu origiu, and if it were not
simply a matter of public interest, it ought to bo one of public sentiment to preserve
for the coming generations of American farmers these native species which have
added so much to the wealtli of the land in the past. The species in the grazing
regions in the west and southwest, and for that matter, in every part of this country
where sheep or cattle are raised, are best adapted for the conditions under whicli each
grass grows, and it is folly to think that better forms may be introduced from Europe
or Asia or Australia, where climate and soil and abundance of rainfall are different.
The meadow grasses of the parks, woodlands, and mountain slopes, the Grama and
Buflalo grasses of the southwest and the LJlae-stems of the eastern prairie belt, can
not be improved upon.

It certainly seems to me that the time has arrived for us to consider the advisa-
bility of saving from extermination the numerous valuable forage plants found in
the arid and subarid portions of our country. The long-continued existence of these
grasses shows that they are adapted to the climate in which they occur. For ages
these valuable grasses have defied unfavorable climatic conditions and have stood
the tramping and grazing of vast herds of butilaloes.

Central Nebraska is very favorably situated for grazing. The soil
in this section is productive, as is evidenced by the fine crops of corn
and small grain which have been grown here under favorable climatic
conditions. Influenced by these fine crops, settlers occupied the coun-
try and the valuable native turf was turned under and the land
devoted to the growth of small cereals and corn. The results in many
instances have been anything but satisfactory. jSTo method of agricul-
ture or human agency can control weather. The ordinary cultivated
crops can not be produced with a scant rainfall. The semiarid belt is
superb as a grazing country, unexcelled west of the Missouri. A crop
of grass is just as certain here as corn is in eastern Nebraska. The
climate is favorable for winter grazing and stock will need little atten-
tion. The crop can not be as large as under conditions of greater
moisture, and the grazing lands must be kept under certain restric-
tions. Business men and intelligent farmers with whom I have con-
versed believe that the only salvation for this region is the stock
industry. It will take some years to again see the turf- forming grasses
cover the field where the plow has destroyed the sod which was many
seasons in forming. Some believe that they will never return. It
requires time to reestablish a prairie, just as it does a forest, when
once burned over, to become covered with trees again. Annuals ap])ear
first, some nearly worthless, but these prepare the way for the better
perennials, like Blue-Stem and (irama.

COLORADO.

CENTRAL AND NORTH KKN fOLORAPO.

The conditions prevailing in central and northern Colorado are so
different that the subject can not well be discussed under one head.
In northeastern Colorado the conditions are much the same as in west-

12

ern Nebraska. In the semiarid rej[?ions considerable areas were at one
time cultivated, but, after a few years of unsuccessful attempts at rais-
ing corn, oats, a!id wheat, the land has been allowed to revert to j^rass.
The several branches of the Republican IJiver rise in the sand-hill region
of eastern Colorado. This section of the State has become famous as
a stock country and is seemingly prosperous. Nearly every farmer is
provided with a neat house. Windmills are numerous for the purpose
of providing water for the stock. The country to the north, drained
by the Platte, is likewise largely devoted to the cattle industry. The
most conspicuous grasses are considered in detail elsewhere in this
paper. Though the rainfall is limited, there are thousands of acres of
fine meadows and grazing lands covered with a dense growth of Grama-
grass. In some places this grass would yield a ton of hay to the acre.

FORAGE CONDITIONS OF THE PRAIRIES AND SAND HILLS.

Turkey-foot-grass, or Big Blue-Stem, 4 to 5 feet high, grows very
luxuriantly over the sand hills. Western Wheat-grass, from 2 to 3 feet
high, grows on the open prairies where not pastured. The year 1890
was certainly most favorable for the growth of these wild grasses. Such
a season demonstrates what this region can do in the way of grass
production. In Washington County, in the vicinitj^ of Akron, with a
higher altitude than at Robb, Wray, and Yuma, the ranges were in
excellent condition, though T^ot as good as in the sand-hill region. In
the vicinity of Fort Morgan the range conditions were not so good;
there was less rainfall and the grasses were closely cropped. Still the
region afforded some good grazing, consisting chiefly of Blue-Stem,
Indian Millet, Western Wheat-grass, Blue-Grama, Buffalo-grass, Wild
Rye, Feather Bunch-grass, and Needle-grass.

In the country surrounding Fort Morgan the ranges are chiefly used
for sheep raising. Along the Platte to the east and west are several
large irrigation ditches. The chief forage plant grown here is alfalfa.
Too much i)raise can not be given to this plant. There are thousands
of acres of it. Three crops are cut in a season, and the hay brings from
$3.50 to $4 a ton. In many cases the farmers allow their sheej) to run
on the range in the summer and in the winter feed them on alfalfa hay.

Greeley and Fort Collins in northern Colorado are famous for the
large areas under irrigation. Some of the jnost valuable irrigated lan<ls
of the State are located hen^ The principal streams supi)lying water
for irrigation are the Platte, Cache la Poudre, Big Thompson, Clear
Creek, and Boulder Creek. Here, as elsewhere east of the mountains,
alfalfa is one of the chief crops. At several points dairying is an
important industry, and the fattening of sheej) and cattle on alfalfa is
assuming considerable imi)ortance. The fact that alfalfa is a bulky
crop makes it iiior<' profitable to ship cattle to points where this croj) is
grown than to ship the fodder great distances. It would seem, how-
ever, that Colorado can not at present produce enough alfalfa to supply

13

her own demands. A great deal of range stock is shipped out to be
fattened in Iowa, Nebraska, and other States.

Three Brome grasses are becoming established in the vicinity of the
Colorado Agricultural College. Two of these, Hungarian Brome
{Bromm inermis L.) and Rescue-grass {Bronms unioloides Willd,), are
valuable forage plants. The third {Bromvs tectorum) is a weedy annual
on the grounds of the experiment station. Many of the cultivated
species such as Timothy, Redto]), Blue-grass, and Orchard-grass, are
naturalized in many places, but farmers, as a rule, do not make a busi-
ness of growing these grasses, as they do not thrive without irrigation.
Alfalfa occasionally grows where tlie soil has not been irrigated for a
season, but the growth is so poor that it is often not worth the cutting.
Several other leguminous plants are common. White Sweet Clover is
a weed in many of the irrigated districts. Yellow Sweet Clover is less
common than the White. Neither of these, so far as could be learned,
is used for forage.

A large number of native grasses occur along irrigating ditches and
streams, and many of them are highy nutritious. One of the most
conspicuous is Slender Wheat-grass, which grows to a height of 3 to 4
feet and produces a large number of leaves. The Western Wheat-
grass is also much more productive in such situations than in high and
dry soil. Feather Bunch-grass grows luxuriantly. Wikl Eye is a large
and coarse grass of little value when compared with many of the other
species noted here. In low, swamx^y places Slough-grass grows from
1 to 4 feet high, and makes tine hay. Polypogon mouspeliensis Desf., a
weedy annual, also occurs along irrigating ditches. Catabrosa aqnatica
is an aquatic grass of irrigating ditches and wet canyons in the foot-
hills. These have been disseminated on the plains by water brought
from the mountains. Macoun's Rye-grass {Elymus macounii Vasey)
occurs in the flats along the river courses. Cord-grass occurs in low
ground and Slender Cord-grass is sparsely represented in alkaline
marshes. Fowl Meadow-grass is abundant in the fields in the vicinity
of Fort Collins and G-olden. Squirrel-tail-grass is plentiful in seepage
meadows and is a noxious weed when the bearded "heads" have formed,
though it is of some value when young. The common Reed-grass
occurs in <[uautity in the low meadows, but it is of little agricultural
value. The marshes contain numerous sedges and rushes, as Carex
marcida, C. ajuncis, Scirpus lacustris, and others. Several species of
Juncus are also common.

GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS OF TIIi: I'OOTIIILLS AND MOUNTAINS.

The foothills, as well as the higher mountain slopes, produce a large
number of A'aluable grasses. The grass flora is not equally rich through-
out, that of tlie higher altitudes being more varied and richer as to
species and quantity. The low foothills which rise from the prairies
have many species in common with the prairies. It is only in the

14

canyous that one meets the hirger aud less common grasses. The
grasses of the dry foothills generally grow in small bunches, but they
are surprisingly nutritious. Notwithstanding the drj' weather prevail-
ing in tlie foothills during the month of June, 1800, cattle were in most
excellent condition, which indicated that they had been fed on forage
of superior (juality. The conditions are such as one occasionally finds
in the case of Ulue-grass during a dry season in the Eastern States, the
leaves of the grasses, though perfectly dry, containing an abundance
of nutriment. In the narrow canyons and wider valleys a more lux-
uriant growth was observed, aud where stock were not allowed to
graze the meadows were in fine condition. The larger valleys u^) in
the mountains are mostly taken u]) bj^ homesteaders, who select this
land since they can here raise a crop of two-rowed barley. This barley
is cut and used for hay. The larger wild grasses growing in these
meadows are used in a similar way. During the summer the cattle
range on the mountains, and in the winter are fed on the hay made in
the valleys. Not only do ranchmen grow cattle for beef, but at the
lower altitudes dairying is carried on and the butter made finds a ready
sale in the mountain towns.

In the lower foothills large areas of pine and Douglass spruce have
been to a great extent removed. Several small shrubs, such as Kine-
bark {Physocarpiis torreyi). Raspberry [Ruhtis (leliciosus), Furshia tri-
dentata, and Jamesia americana, are common. Purshia tridentata is fre-
quently browsed by cattle; in fact many of the i)lants are jiicked bare.
The chief pine at lower altitudes is Pinns jyonderosus soopidornm.
When not too dense, these woods furnish excellent grazing. At higher
altitudes, about 8,500 feet, Piuus ponderosun is the principal tree. The
woods are usually open enough to allow a growth of grass underneath,
and make good ranges, especially since there are numerous small open-
ings, where species adapted to moist soils grow. It has freciuently been
stated that the burning of these forests is conducive to a good growth
of grass. This is true only in mountain meadows. A forest burnt
over is absolutely sterile for a term of years, as far as forage i)lants are
concerned. The fire not only destroys whatever turf there is, but it
prevents reseeding. Such burnt forests are at first largely covered
with various fireweeds, which are of little or no value for forage. In
the course of years the character of vegetation changes; grasses and
little shrubs appear, then the Trembling Aspen {Popuhis iremuloides)
comes up; it soon becomes so thick that but little else will grow, and
cattle find little pasturage. A fire, therefore, destroys for a period of
years all h()})e of gc^od forage, and it is to the interest of the ranchman
that the forest should not be burnt over. The grasses most suited for
these regions are such as are indigenous here; in fact there are few evi-
dences of naturalization. Timothy is not uncommon in the foothills,
but was found in only one locality at an altitude of 10,000 feet, along one
of the mountain trails. AMiite Clover was also found at nearly the
same altitude under similar conditions.

15

The moimtains are marked by extremes of temperature. Early in
July, at an altitude of 8,500 feet, it i.s not uncommon to Lave the ther-
mometer fall to 40° F. during the night. On the Little Beaver, one of
the small mountain streams that tinds its way into the south branch
of the Cache la Poudre, at an altitude of 9,500 feet, the thermometer
registered 38° F. in the morning, and yet at noon, in an open meadow,
it was llOo F., most uncomfortably hot. Under such conditions Buf-
falo Bunch-grass grows to magnificent proportions. Western Brome-
grass and Swamp Chess formed large patches. The little Mountain
Timothy grows in large masses in the moister woods below. Few of
our cultivated grasses can grow under such changeable conditions
without losing vitality. At an altitude of 8,500 feet, lower down on
Beaver Creek, barley made a poor growth. It was scarcely 6 inches
tall, while Buffalo Bunch-grass was not only in flower at 9,500 feet,
but seed was forming. How much better to have started a meadow of
this bunch-grass than to sow barley every spring.

Three indigenous clovers {TrifoliKm nanum, T. inirryii, and T. dasy-
phyllum) occur in northern Colorado. The first is a dwarf species of
Pikes Peak at and above timber line. The two larger species cover the
ground in perfect mats, and are valnable forage plants. Our Jiorses fed
on these clovers in preference to the grasses and sedges growing in
the vicinity.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOMK COLORADO FOKAGE PLANTS.

The chemical composition of a few Colorado grasses from chemical
analyses made at the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station is as
follows :

Analyses of some Colorado grasses.

Grasses.

Grama gTa.s!i {lioKtelotta oUgostachya)

Buffalo grass ( ISidbiUs (lactijloides)

Western Wheat grass {A(jro'pnron spicatum)
Slender Wheat-grass (Agroptjron teiiiTwm) ..

Prairie June grass (Koeleria criitata)

Mountain Timothy fP/fietfiH ai^mM);i) . ...

Slough-grass (Beckniannia eruccvformis)

Lupine (Lujiinns plattensis)

Alfalfa (Medicagii saliva)

Bokhara Clover (Melilotus alba)

Water.
7.33

A.sh.

Fat.
1.73

Albumi-
noid
nitrogen.

Crude
fiber.

7.31

7.51

14.62

7.80

10. 33

2.25

7.54

14.59

7.'J1

7.09

2.57

7.32

19.65

7.86

6.28

2.04

6.15

20.20

8.15

7.96

3.93

6.85

22.58

7.87

6.30

2.60

10.67

16.91

8.36

6.21

3.05

8. .53

22. 05

9.87

9.17

1.98

13.68

17.93

10.92

17.27

7.69

8.00

16.16

8.75

7.39

3.65

17.85

14.04

Nitrogen-
free
extract.

68. 33
65.29
63.37
65. 33
58. 68
63. 52
59.56
57.24
58.88
57.07

The above analyses show that these native grasses vary considerably
in comi)osition, but that they compare very favorably with cultivated
ones.

The forage problems awaiting solution are numerous, and the farm-
ers and stock men are just beginning to realize the importance of work
along these lines. It has frequently been urged by the Chief of the
Division of Agrostology that more exact and definite data on many of
our wild grasses and more experimental work in the imi>rovement
pf the native grasses are needed. If by selection from the native

IG

grasses an improved form of Western Wheat-grass or Grama grass
can be introduced into the '' semi-arid" region which will give greater
returns than those already there, the live-stock industry will be put
on a better basis and its success assured.

LIST OF THE MORE IMPORTANT GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS
OF IOWA, NEBRASKA, AND COLORADO, WITH ECONOMIC NOTES.

Alfalfa (Me(J'iia<io mtiva) (lig. 1): This valuable legume is spon-
taneous only in the most favored ])laces in central Iowa, but is

more frequent from Carroll
west, especially in the loess
soil along the Missouri. The
fact that it persists for some
years is evidence of adapta-
bility. As a cultivated plant,
it has met with moderate
success in a few places in
Carroll, Audubon, Monona,
Woodbury, Pottawattamie,
and Harrison counties. I
saw several good-sized lields
in the Missouri Eiver bot-
tom, near Sargent's Blutt",
in Woodbury County. The
first crop was ready to cut
by the 18tli of June. The
Missouri bottoms are favor-
able to the growth of alfalfa
because pernuinent water is
reached at a depth of 10 to 12
feet. The only difficulty in
the way is that these bottoms

Flo. 1.— Alfalfa (MciHcafjo mtiva) -. a, seed pod seen from oi.g subicct to OVCrtloWS' the
the Hide; b, seed pod seen from ahove; c, seed.s.

water during some seasons
stands for days on the soil in low ]»laces. It is possible that the
higher locations might be admirably suited for the growth of this
crop. In fact, good crops were observed on the higher lands. The
soil of the blurt's along the Missouri is commonly known as "loess."
It is not i)eculiar to western Iowa, but occurs abundantl}' along
the ^lississippi ami other Iowa streams. Loess is a line homo-
geneous soil, free from pebbles or other adventitious matter, very
friable, so much so that it may be turned with the spade. It
stoutly resists weathering, and stands in vertical faces for years.
Though the surface dries tiuickly, this soil retains water in a
remarkable manner.

17

These loess bluffs rise rather abruptly from the rich and fertile Missouri
bottoms aud extend as undulating hills for several miles east. In
this region, which is comparatively narrow, a peculiar vegetation
exists, peculiar at least for the State of Iowa. It is more western
than eastern. It is here that alfalfa has succeeded best, and is
perhaps destined to play an important part in the agriculture of
the counties bordering on the Missouri. There are some difficul-
ties to contend with in Carroll aud Harrison counties, and this is
true also to some extent in Pottawattamie County. The humidity
of the atmosphere is somewhat greater than in Woodbury County.
Accompanying this humidity there is a greater rainfall, and a
greater rainfall makes the plant more subject to the attacks of the
Spot Disease {Phacidium medicaginis). This fungus disease causes
a premature falling of the leaves, and hence lessens its value as a
forage plant.

Alfalfa is the most valuable acquisition to the leguminous forage plants
of jS^ebraska. The frequency of naturalized specimens throughout
the region in which I made observations certainly indicates that
the plant is at home. Fine fields of it were observed not only in the
lowlands along the Kepublican Valley, but also ou the uplands. Its
culture, however, was most successful on the Hood plains of the
river and under irrigation. It produces a fair crop without irri-
gation some years, but on the uplands, year after year, it can not
be depended on. In the Eei)ublicau Eiver Valley the water level
is from 8 to 10 feet below the surface. The roots easily reach this
depth. Under favorable conditions three crops can be cut in a
single season, but where the field is irrigated three crops are cer-
tain, and I was informed that it affords almost twice as much
money return per acre as corn. A farmer with 40 acres of irri-
gated alfalfa can make a comfortable living in this part of the
State. In the country east of the semiarid region considerable
alfalfa has been grown, and, so far as I was able to learn, with
good success. No other perennial forage plant has given to the
farmer of this region the same amount of satisfaction as has
alfalfa. It is certainly destined to play an important part in the
forage problem in Nebraska.

Alsike Clover {Trifolium hybridum) is occasionally grown in Iowa,
but is not as yet common. It is spontaneous in many places and
is best suited for rather low grounds, frequently associated with
White Clover and Bed-top. It will probably never take the place
of Red or White Clover in the State.

Barnyard grass {Panieum crns-galli). This grass, although usually
regarded as a weed, is frequently used as a forage plant in western
Iowa. It occurs abundantly as a roadside and garden weed in
central Iowa, and is a conspicuous grass in sloughs and in corn-
fields in the Missouri bottoms. Hundreds of tons of this grass
3828— No. 2

18

miglit have been cut in Iowa this year. It is not always so plenti-
ful, since the rains are usually less frequent in July and August.
Bearded Wheat-grass {Agropyron caninum R. & S.) is common in
northwestern Iowa. It contributes somewhat to the native hay,
but is of little value. In Colorado it is also common, even at an
altitude of 9,500 feet. It is not so large as Slender Wheat-grass
and grows in drier places. A closely allied species, A. riehardsoni

Schrad., occurs also in the
mountains and compares
favoi'ably in forage value
to A. can in u m. Wire
Bunch-grass {A. divergens
Nees) is common in Clear
Creek Canyon, near
Golden, Colo., and is a
grass of considerable
value.
Big Blue-Stem (Andropogon
j»-or/wr/V//i.sLam.)(fig.-)is
acommon species through-
out central and western
Iowa. Wherever a bit of
prairie remains this grass
grows in abundance. It
is a variable species, grow-
ing in bunches 3 to 8
feet high, and ])roduciug
a large number of tine
leaves. It occurs on the
high, rolling prairie,
rocky, open, wooded hill-
sides, and along the allu-
vial creeks and river bot-
toms. Blue Stem is an
important factor in the
wild hay made in the Mis-
souri bottoms, especially
in the northwestern part
of Iowa. It is liked by stock both as green forage and as hay.
For horses many farmers prefer it to timothy. Bhie-Stem hay
brings a higher price in the market than any otlier wild hay. The
grass was common about Lincoln, Nebr., and was observed as far
west as McCook. It is a most excellent grass for the moister por-
tions of the State, producing a large percentage of the wild hay
as well as affording much of the pasturage. Near McCook, Nebr.,
it produced a fine growth in the flood plain along the Kepublican
Kiver. It recjuires a richer soil than the Turkey-foot grass.

Fio. 2. — Bifc BlueStiMii (An<lro2)o(ion provincialin) : a, a
I)air ol'sijikelets; 6, fir.stciiii)ty jilmno; c, second ciupty
glume; d, third glume; c, fourth or flowering glume;
/, pulea ; g, lodicules.

19

Big Sand-grass (Calamorilfa Jongifolia Scribn.) is not common iu cen-
tral Iowa, though rather common in nortliwestern and western
Iowa, where it abounds along- railroads, on dry sterile soil, and
steep hillsides. It often does good service in binding the loose soil
together. As a forage plant it is of little value, the culms and
leaves being very tough. In Nebraska it is common in the sand-
hill country and also in the sandy marshes of the Ilepublican Valley.

Black G-rama {Boutelona
hirsKta Lag.) is common
in the sand-hill legion
of western Nebraska. It
forms dense tufts of line
leaves. It is nutritious,
like the other gramas, and
fills an Important place
on these poorer soils.

Blue G-rama {Bouteloua
oligostachya Torr.) (tig. 3)
grows from 8 to 18 inches
high, varying somewhat
with seasons. It was
much taller on the aver-
age in 1896 than in 1895.
As a rule this grass sel-
dom exceeds a foot in
height. It is endowed
by nature with great
drought-resisting quali-
ties. Around Crete and
Lincoln, ISTebr., it is com-
mon on dry soil and on
gravelly knolls. At Hast-
ings, Xebr., it is a domi-
nant grass in meadows
and pastures. The same
may be said of it from
McCook to the west line of
Nebraska. As a pasture

grass it is excellent, being nutritious and standing tramijling better
than Western Wheat-grass. A few years of selection under cultiva-
tion would no doubt produce a form equal to many of our cultivated
grasses. Stockmen inform me that cattle thrive on this grass all
winter in western Nebraska. In Colorado it is common in the foot-
hills, especially between 5,000 and 0,500 feet altitude. Some plants
were seen on an open prairie in northern Colorado at an altitude
of 7,000 feet. Near Golden it was likewise observed at an altitude
of 7,000 feet. It is common also at Colorado Springs, nortli of

Fig. 3.— Blue Grama (Bouteloua oUgostachija) : a, empty
glumes of a spikelet ; 6, spikelet with the empty glumes
removed.

20

Cheyenne Canyon, at an altitude of G,5()0 feet. It usually grows
much shorter than at lo^Ye^ altitudes.

Blue-joint [Calama(jrostls canadensis Beauv.) is plentiful in Iowa only
in low swales and second bottoms, where it commonly grows from
;j to 4 feet high, forming an abundance of leaves, well liked by all
kinds of stock. The leaves keep green till late in the season, and
the hay is not objectionable because the leaves and culms are not
dead at the time when hay is usually made, as is often the case
with Wild Kye.

Broom-corn Millet (Panicum miUacenm) is seldom cultivated in the
central district of Iowa, though used more extensively in northern
and northwestern parts of the State. It does well in dry years,
and as a productive crop should commend itself.

Buffalo Bunch-grass {Festuca scahrella). This species at higher alti-
tudes is the bunch grass par excellence. It is abundant on the
Little Beaver in northern Colorado, at an altitude of 1),50() feet,
where it occurs in open, sunny places and grows from a foot to 4
feet in height. The blades are often a foot long. The whole plant
is more or less glaucous, which adds to its striking appearance.
Professor Crandall, who is familiar with the plants of this region,
states that several years ago, when stock had not grazed so far up
the mountains, this grass occurred in great quantity in the open,
sunny places at an altitude of 1),500 feet, ^'ery few good specimens
could be found, because almost every blade had been closely cropped.
The Ilocky Mountain Husbandman has this to say of Bunch-grass:

The cured grass retains its nutriment all winter, owinj^ to the fact that we have no
drenching raius in the fall to bleach it— the light snows which come in early
winter and melt off soon only serving to moisteu it and make it more palatable.
When we have late summer rains and the grass remains green until fall, should
frost come »-arly it is injured and stock do not seem to keep in such good con-
dition during the winter as when it dries up early, as is generally the case.
During the winter the lowlands and sharp foothills are for the most part free
from snow. Usually the snow is cleared away by the wind except that which
is driven into the thick clusters of grass. * * * In grazing the stock gather
np more or less snow, which serves in great measure as a substitute for water.
With the disappearance of snow in the sjtring, stock go up into the foothills,
following the receding snow line. The grass which lies covered all winter is
relished best. Besides, the young crop starts first and grows fastest among the
steep hills.

What is here said of Buffalo Bunch-grass applies also to Montana and
Idaho, where it grows at lower altitudes. This grass has received
11i(! same high appreciation by stockmen everywhere.

Buffalo-grass {BnlhiUs dacti/loidis liaf.) (fig. 1) once extended farther
east than now, since it is re[)orted from northwest Iowa. I did not,
however, meet with it in that part of the State, nor did 1 observe
it east of Lincoln, ]Srebr. At Lincoln small patches occur. It is
abundant about Hastings, Nel)r.. wliere, in some cases at least,
it is the chief pasture grass. It is common about Oxford and

21

McCook, JSTebr., ;iiid westward to the Nebraska line, althongii at
no point was it so linelj^ developed as on the beautiful prairies
surrounding Hastings. Buffalo-grass is certainly adapted to the
semiarid belt and to the western part of the humid prairie region.
Farmers agree that it is exceedingly valuable, not only because of
its nutritious qualities, but the close turf retains the moisture and
allows the plaut to develop under conditions adverse to most
plants, certainly to our cultivated grasses. Every effort should be
made to retain this grass. In central and southwestern Nebraska
it is not only a valuable
summer forage, but the mild
winters make it especially
desirable for winter grazing.
When used for this pur[)0se
it should not be cropped too
closely in the summer. The
farmer should recognize the
importance of not overstock-
ing the ranges. Tie should
give this and other grasses
time to produce seed, so that
they may perpetuate them-
selves by seeds from the
most vigorous plants. Buf-
falo-grass seeds freely, and
this is one of the nu)st im-
portant points in its favor.
In ('olorado I observed it
only in the lower foothills,
where it is a valuable grass.
It grows in the same way as
on the plains, forming large
mats and patches of turf,
which are closely crop})ed
by stock.

Buffalo Pea {Afiiragnlus cari/o-

carpus Ker.) is common on the prairies of Nebraska and dry, sterile
hills of central and western Iowa. It is valuable as a forage plant.

Bunch-grass {SporoholuH heterolepis Gray) is the most valuable of the
several Drop-seed grasses that abound in central and western Iowa.
This beautiful species occurs on high or low prairies and liillsules
with Little Blue-Stem and Switch-grass. It grows m bunches and
produces large numbers of slender leaves close to the ground.

Bunch Spear-grass (Poa arida Vasey) comes up quite abundantly in
the meadows of arid pastures in the Keimblican River Valley,
Nebraska. It somewhat resembles Blue-grass, with sharp-pointed

Fig. 4. — Buffalo-grass {Bulhilis dactyloides) : «, female
pbint: b, male plant; «', two clusters of fuiuale
spikelets; 6', a branch of several staminate spike-
lets; c, a male or staminate splkelet of two dowers.

22

leaves and a more scaut growth. It flowers early, and lience when
hay is cut it is i)ast its season.
Bushy Blue-Stem {Aitdropoijon nutans L.) is a tall perennial found in
open woods and prairies in Iowa and eastern Nebraska, but is less
common tlian the otlier blue-stems. It is cut late in the season,
usually in August or September, because then more easily made
into hay. The hay is palatable and nutritious, and euros well.

Though the quantity
would be less if cut by
the middle of August,
the quality would be
superior.
California Oat-grass {Dan-
thonia calif o mica) is
abundant in the pine
woods and meadows of
northern Colorado at au
altitude of 8,000 feet. It
grows in bunches from
1 to 3 feet high, has
soft foliage, and is one
of the valuable moun-
tain grasses. It is much
eaten by stock, and forms
a considerable element
in the forage of the
mountain "parks" and
meadows.

Colorado Blue-Stem (yl //>'<>-

piiron spiraUim) is one of
the two valuable grasses
of this genus that are
native to Iowa. It is
common on the loess in
Avestern Iowa, where it
is used for both hay and
l)asturage. As an intro-
duced i)lant it is now
common at many points
in central Iowa and is spreading rapidly. In Iowa it grows more
vigorously than it does in Nebraska, where it attains a height from
2 to 4 feet. It is bluish green in color, with somewhat harsh leaves.
The thriftiness of this grass in new meadows as well as in the
vicinity of plowed ground indicates that an occasional stirring is
beneficial. I am assured that it is not difficult to start a good
meadow of this grass in two or three years on plowed ground. It

Fio. 5.— rrealiwatcr (Joril jirass {Spartina cuitosvioulea) .
a, spik(4i>l sliowiuK three stamens; ^.spikelet sliowiug'
the )irojecting stigmas of the pistil ; c, the sauio with the
outer gliiines removed.

23

grows along- with sucli grasses as grama and other prairie species.
Meadows of considerable extent occur between Crete and Hastings,
Kebr. It is quite a novelty to see hundreds of acres with the con-
spicuous blue-green color of this grass. It is common in the
foothills in central and northern Colorado, and about Golden and
Colorado Springs. It is not uncommon in open places at an alti-
tude of 7,000 feet, but is much more abundant at 5,000 and G,000
feet.

Cord-grass {SparUna cijnomroides Willd.) (fig. 5) is abundant in low
grounds, and is an important feature of the meadows in western
Iowa along the Missouri. It is well suited for the alluvial soils of
this region, and can endure standing water better than Big Blue-
Stem. Nature has adapted Cord-grass to low and swampy places.
The reserve material stored in the root stocks enables it to grow
rapidly when the water has receded. Many farmers hold this grass
in high esteem. One farmer informed me that it was more valu-
able than Big Blue Stem. For the Missouri River region it is a
most profitable grass. In Nebraska it is common in low grounds
from Omaha to McCook. It is of little value as a pasture grass,
and is commonly cut for early hay.

Couch-grass {Agropyron repens Beauv.) is naturalized in many places
in Iowa, and is often cut for hay. It starts early in the spring and
produces a large number of fine leaves. In frequent rotations it
is a pest rather than a valuable forage plant. In soils much sub-
ject to wash it has proved of value as a soil binder. It occurs as
an introduced plant in Nebraska about Omaha and at McCook, but
is much inferior to its western relative.

Crab-grass {Panicum fianguinale L.) is abundant throughout Iowa in
cultivated fields and open places in blue-grass pastures. Usually
regarded as a weed, but may afford some picking in cornfields after
corn is removed. Under such conditions, however, the forage is of
poor quality.

Do"wny Oat-grass {THsctum suhspicatum) is abundant in Colorado in
dry open woods and open jilaces. It is one of the first grasses to
appear after fires have swept the forests.

Early Bunch-grass {Eatonia ohtusata) grows in rather moist prairies
throughout Nebraska. It matures early and produces only a small
quantity of leaf and stem, and hence is not as important a factor
in the production of either hay or green forage as is Prairie June-
grass.

Feather Bunch-grass (Stipa riridula Trin.), although not indigenous
to central Iowa, has been found spontaneous along the railroad
west of Ames. It grows in bunches, seeds freely, and is much
more i^alatable than Porcupine-grass. It might be introduced with
advantage on the loess soils of western Iowa. In Nebraska it was
observed in considerable <iuantity on the second bottom along the

24

Republican Elver and ou tbe npland prairies. It is less objection-
able on account of its "spears'* tban Porcupine-grass and Needle-
grass. The leaves are softer and retain their nutritious qualities
longer. It is well adapted to this section of Nebraska. In Colo-
rado it is abundant, not only at an elevation of 5,000 feet in the
vicinity of Fort Collins, but near Colorado Springs and Golden it
abounds up to an altitude of 8,000 feet. It is one of the most

valuable forage plants
of the foothills.
Fowl Meadow-grass {Poa
^ftava) is not uncommon
on the flats and along
the smaller streams in
western and northwest-
ern Iowa. It would be
of greater value for hay
if it could be harvested
earlier. lender present
conditions of making
hay in August it has
lost much of its valua-
ble qualities. In Colo-
rado this species occurs
in wet grounds at lower
altitudes than lUue-
grass.
Foxtail or Pigeon-grasses
(Cha'tochloa viridis S. »&
S. and C. gJmica S. & S.)
are abundant through-
out central and western
Iowa in cultivated fields
and in open places in
Blue-grass ])astures.
Thongh usually re-
garded as weeds, they
afford some picking in
cornfields after the corn
is removed. TTndcr
these conditions, however, the forage is of very poor (|uality.
Giant Rye-grass ( I-Jh/miis eondensatnN) is abundant in Colorado, at an
(>levation of 5,000 to 5,500 feet. Cattle seem to prefer the shorter
grasses to this large coarse species. Professor Lamson-Scribner
speaks of it as an excellent winter forage plant in California. A
second species {Elymtis triticoides) was observed in spruce and ])ine
woods in Clear Creek Canyon. It is of some value in the sparsely
wooded areas of this region of Colorado.

Fig. C— HuDgariau llroiuc ;rr:iss ( Hiii.nu iiuimU) : a, sjjikf-
let; ?>, Ilowt-ring gliiiue seen IVoiii tlio l);i<'k; c, lloret sp(>ii
Iroiii the aulerior sidt^, showing jjaloa.

25

Hmigarian or Smooth Brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.) (Qg. G) with-
stands drouglit and cold, and is perfectly adapted to conditions
existing in Iowa. It makes excellent growth and more nearly
reaches the ideal of a farmer's grass than any other sort intro-
duced in recent years. Under favorable conditions two crops can
be cut in a single season, and the aftermath is excellent. Hunga-
rian Brome commends itself to the farmers of central and western
Iowa. This is the Eussian
grass or Russian Brome-
grass of some writers.

Kentucky Blue-grass ( Poa
pratensis L.) (fig. 7) is the
chief pasture grass of cen-
tral and western Iowa,
though not so prominent
in northwestern Iowa. It
does fully as well in and
about Jefterson, Carroll,
and Logan as in north-
eastern, southwestern, and
southern Iowa. South-
western Iowa has some-
times been called the Blue-
grass region of the State.
The spring of 189G in cen-
tral Iowa was early, and
in many cases cattle were
turned into the pastures
before the 1st of May, from ■
which time to the loth of
July this grass is gener-
ally at its best. Although
checlvcd by a short mid
summer drought, a vigor-
ous growth was induced by
rains in the latter part of
July, so that during Au-
gust and September pas-
tures looked as green as
they did in May. It is not

uncommon for many farmers to feed in August, but the excellent
condition of the grass pasture rendered this entirely unnecessary
in 1896.

In 1895, and especially 1894, because of the great drought in Iowa, many
farmers fed green corn fodder in August. Blue-grass can not,
therefore, be depended on every season, but it is reliable and safe
as a pasture grass most seasons. Green corn fodder is a safe sub-

FiG. 7.— Kentucky Blue-graas (Poa pralensis): a, a
apikelet; h, the Horet, «lu>«ing the hairs or wool at
the baae.

26

stitnt€. and every farmer should have some corn which can be used
to feed in July and Auofust when necessary. Some farmers in
central Iowa advocate the more extended use of corn fodder for
this purpo.se. They believe that less area should be devoted to
the grass pasture. A Blue grass turf is a producer of wealth, and if
properly managed increases in importance as the country becomes
older. Short rotation is not advised, though many fanners get
excellent results by planting Blue-grass seed in the cornfields. In
the spring of 1895, and especially the fall of 1894, many farmers
were disheartened because of the many vacant spots left in the
pastures. These were soon occupied by Squirrel-tail grass, or
Wild Barley, and Pep])er-grass {Lepidium apetahnn Willd.). These
pastures have entirely recovered during the past season.

The .subject of Blue-grass should not be passed without saying some-
thing of its use in the central section of the State as a winter for-
age plant. When speaking of winter pa.sturage in Iowa, the farmer
refers to Blue gra.ss. It is a well-known fact that cattle do remark-
ably well on this grass in the winter. Though it has lost in nutri-
tive qualities, it is highly relished and serves a most excellent
puri)Ose in keeping the digestive organs of the animal in good
condition. With a good winter pasture of Blue-gra.ss it will be
unnecessary to use the " stock foods'' to regulate the organs of
secretion. Farmers .should not lose sight of the fact that over-
stocking is injurious. To be in good condition for the winter it
should not be over.stocked in September and October. Other
glasses have been tried in this way. Texas Blue-grass has received
considerable notoriety in this respect, and while perfectly hardy
at Ames, Iowa-, nothing can be said about its use in central Iowa
for this purpose, since it has not been extensively tried.
The composition of winter-grown and summer-grown Blue-grass,

according to analyses made at the Iowa Experiment Station by Prof.

(j. E. Patrick and Mr. C. M. Wade, is as follows:

AnahjHes of winter-grown and Hummer-groxcn Blue-grass.

Winter-grown Blue-
grass.

Spring and snmnier grown lilue-
grass.

Constituent-*.

3 to 7 iucheH high, gath-
ered Nov. 24. 1890.

3 to 6 inclien

high.

gatliercd

Ai.r.28.1890.

Green.

Percent.

1 68. 05
31.95

11.49
5.55

42.74
22. 19
18.03

Early

)>lo<)m,

gathere*!

July2«.1890.

Jnst aft*r

bloom,

gathered

.Juije7.1890.

Green.

I'er rent.
61.73
38.27

9.32
4.09

51.49
19.61
14.89

Dried.

Green.

Greeu.

Waffr

I'er cent.

23. 05
76.95

12.41
4.24

48.40
26. .56

Per cent.

62.91
37.09

8.47
2.25

M. 50

29. 1 1

9.67

Per cent.

61.24
38. 76

Dry Hul>»tance:

" Ahh

8.66

Fat

2.75

Xitrog.-n-free extract or earl»oLy-

50.79

}-'il,cr

29.92

I*f.»t»-iri ,,,,

7.88

27

In eastern Xebr:\^ka TJhie-gra^ is a siieees*, thriving |>est on low
ofi\)uuds along rivei-s. bnt also giving gxxxl returns on the drier
nphinds. The season of ISOo was unfavorable for it in oeutn^l
Nebraska, bnt in lSiH> the pastures were in excellent condition. The
species was observeil at Hastings and McCo^^k. In the latter place
it oocuri-eil in the streets and also in the tloo*l i>lain of the Kepnb-
lican Eiver. One of the liuest Blue-grass lawns I have ever seen
was noticed in Oxfonl. This was, ot' course, under irrig^ttion. In
the mountains of Colorado it forms an excellent turf. The meadows
Avere as meen as anv in Iowa in Mav.

Large Rush-grass SiH)roboin.^ hookeri Triu. . which is found on jHxn\^r
soil than Bunch grass, forms a dense turf. The leaves and stems
are tough and wiry, detracting fixnu its value as a forag^e plant.
SporoboJus erffptamirHS Gray is an earlier grass, likewise somewhat
tough when old. not so coiumou as Bunch-gri»ss or largv Rush-
gmss. SporobiitHS bttrifoUH^ is one of the commonest grasses of
the U>ess of western Iowa. It forms a dense mat ot' interlacing
roots and i\xn stocks, et^W>tnally preventing the washing of the soils.
It also occurs near Cavvoll. Iowa. The species is ot" little value as
a forage plant. Auotiicr s^xx-ics of this genus is common thnnigh-
ont this section of Iowa — Southern Poverty-gn^ss ( <jt. ra(fiHiriiorHS\.
It txxnirs m ticlds and along rvx\dsides, and is usually avoided In-
stock. Unring the dry seast^ns of 1S04 and Iv^V* farmers com-
plaineil ot" its presence in pastures.

Little Blue-Stem yAndt-opoflon gittpariHs Aliciix. is coumuni tu central
and western Iowa. It gwws on the iHxnvr s;\ndy soils, although
in western Iowa it occurs abundantly on the Ux^ss blulis, «.\nisli-
tuting a large shaiv of the natural forage. It" has the habit of
t'orining bunches, and gixnvs fixun 2 to .'i t\H»t high, with a larg\>
number of rix>t and stem leaves. It seeds more fi-eely than Big
Blue-Stem. Sttxk will eat the grass when it is young and ti-esh,
but when old it becomes wtnxly and unpalatable. It isciunmon on
the loess of eastern Nebraska about i>maha, and was alsi> obscrvcil
about l.Nicoln and Crete.

Loco "Weed ^O.i\vtropis Jambt^fii) is of no value as a foragt^ plant.
Although the plant was common everywhere in Nebraska, 1 heaixl
no complaints about it. In Colonuio it is the most ivuspicnous
and comnnni o( the Li^ijHmiHO^ir, but ii is seldom eaten by sttxk.

Lupinus plattensis Watson occurs *u sandy bottoms along the Ke-
publicau Kiver in Nebraska, h showtnl evidence ot* having been
eaten by stock.

Manna grasses [PanieHlaria s^xH^ies). Several speines ixvur in Iowa.
l\ iitrratu and l\ aqHtitica are most ei>uunon. These siXH'ies ait?
of value only in wet meadows and pastuivs.

Meadow grasses \,l'oii species) are common thivughoni the moun-
tains of Coloradin At higher altitutles and lower down in moist

28

caiiyoiis Wood Meadow-grass {Poa nemoralh) is sibniidaiit. as is
Buucli Ked-lop (Z*oa /;?<('A-/e^a//rf Nasii). These species are not so
valuable as Poa irolfii Scribuer, which is common in dry woods in
Clear Creek Canyon, where it is one of the more important grasses.
Poa lettennannii is common above timber line on Pikes Peak.
Poa rupcsiris is likewise common. These jioas constitute some of
the most valuable grasses in all of the mountain meadows. Poa

ivheeleri Vasey is another
valuable grass of this genus
found at an altitude of 7,800
feet. Mountain Spear-grass
{T\ alpina), at an altitude
of 10,000 feet to timber
line, forms a large cluster of
leaves close to the ground.
Millets {('ha'tocMoa italica and
var. germanica). No other
grasses are so productive
on Iowa soil as the millets.
Some farmers sow these
grasses every year. As a
rule, however, they are sown
as "catch crops" in the lat-
ter part of June or early
July, when by Sei)tember
a good crop of hay can
be made. Some faruiers are
prejudiced against the mil-
lets because of the danger to
stock when consuming larg'e
quantities of seed. When
rightly luanaged, there need
be little danger from this
source. ]\lillets are exten-
sively grown in both eastern
and western Nebraska. They
do well in nearly all parts of
the State. Fine fields were

Fifi. 8. — Oicliardgriis.s (Dacli/lin <jloiiieinfa): a, a
spikelet witli one of the florets exi)an(lf<l in flower;
h. tln' fliii-ft : r, the (lower, consistin^j of tlirce sta-
iiiciia and pistil with two feathery stigmas ; <l. the
njiper i)oi-tioii of the leaf shentli and the lower
jiortion of the leaf blade, showing ligule; e, section
(if the stem or culm at one of the nodes; ],node
pro]ier; 2, the swelling enlargement of the basiil
portion of the leaf sheath.

noted near Omaha, Crete, and
Hastings, and also near McCook, at an altitude of 2,500 feet.
Needle-grass {Stipa cumata Trin. & Kupr.) is connnon in Nebraska
about McCook and westward, at an altitude of 2,500 to 3,000 feet.
This grass grows on the high prairies. It is of forage value only
under the same conditions as Porcupine-grass. In Colorado it is
common in places in the foothills about Golden, Fort Collins, and
Coloiado Springs. It is not so valuable as Feather Bunch-grass,
but adds to tlic list of plants available for forage purposes.

29

Orchard-grass {Dactijlis tjlomcrata L.) (fio-. 8), tliougli well known as a
valuable grass, is seldom sown. Few farmers in this section of the
State are acquainted with it. It is not uncommon along roadsides
and in dooryards, giving evidence of adaptability to soil and climate.
Although not generally cultivated in Nebraska, it is of frequent
occurrence about Omaha, Lincoln, Crete, Hastings, and McCook.
In all of these i)laces it grows without irrigation, and the fact
that it grows so well cer-
tainly indicates adapta-
tion. Orchard grass is
not, however, to be recom-
mended for western Ne-
braska except in canyons
and on the flood plains of
streams. In eastern Ne-
braska it should come into
general favor.

Porcupine-grass {Stipa s^mr-
tea Trin.) is as common on
the dry, sterile hills of
central Iowa as it is in
western Iowa. It has the
habit of growing in large
bunches, from 1^ to 3A feet
high, with leaves often
more than a foot long. It
is useful as a pasture plant
only early in the season or
when kept closely cropped.
It is often troublesome
after the 10th of June, since
the barbed "seed" is then
either forming or ripe, and
is liable to inflict injury to
sheep. The danger from
this has become less in

recent years, as the grass no. O.—Piairie JiiiiegiJiss( /i-o^iermcmCafa): «, empty
rarelv regains its hold UDOn glumes; b, the two Uorots raised above the empty

glumes.

cultivated soil. After the

"spears" have fallen the grass may be cut for hay. In Nebraska
it is common only in the eastern i)art, occurring on high prairies
and the slopes of hills. Although regarded as a pest in pastures,
it is valued as a hay grass.
Prairie June-grass [Koeleria cristata Pers.) (tig. 9) grows abundantly on
the prairies and dry hills of Nebraska and Iowa. It comes on early
and retains its nutritious (jualities even after the leaves become
dry. It is common about Omaha, Crete, and McCook. In Colorado

30

it is oue of tlie most abundant of the grasses in dry places in tlie
foothills. Great quantities of it were observed near Fort Collins
and Golden and at Colorado Springs, at an altitude of 7,000 to
8,000 feet. It was closely cropped, showing evidences of being
relished by stock. Though an insignificant grass, so far as bulk is
concerned it is one of the more valuable species of the foothills.

Red Clover ( TrifoUumitratcme) is the chief leguminous forage plant of
central and western Iowa. It is not quite as successful in the
northwestern part of the State as further east, yet fine fields were
observed near Sioux City the past season. Farmers sow the seed
in early spring, either with or without a nurse crop. Nearly
every farmer has his clover patch. It is used as a fertilizer as well
as a hay crop. The first crop is cut for hay, while the second is
often used for seed. It is a common practice to pasture after hay
has been removed.

Red-Top {A(/rostis alba) grows wild in low grounds, although it is
seldom sown. It makes excellent hay, but as yet is not much of a
factor in the forage of the State. It is a valuable grass in eastern
Nebraska, especially in low ground, where it has been tried by
many of the farmers, and is more common, as a naturalized plant,
than Orchard-grass. It was observed in western Nebraska about
McCook, in the Kepublican Valley, where it seems to be a most
valuable addition.

Reed Canary-grass {Phalaris arundinacea) is more common and of
greater value as a native forage plant under present conditions
than Wild-Iiice or Eeed grass. It matures early, produces a large
number of bright green leaves that may be used with considerable
advantage for hay in June. The soil in Avhich it grows is often so
wet, however, that the stock obtain it with considerable difliculty.
The leaves remain green for some time after the seed has formed.
It is common near Jefferson, Council Bluffs, Missouri Valley, and
Sioux City, Iowa.

Reed-grass {Fhragmites vulgaris) was once abundant and is still com-
mon in western and central Iowa, about old lake beds and marshes.
It is of little value as a forage plant. In Nebraska it is common
in very wet marshes along streams. Specimens from 12 to 14 feet
high were observed near McCook.

Rye (Secale cereale). Farmers do not fully appreciate the great value
of rye as a forage plant. It is used to a large extent and fully
meets the requirements for fall, winter, and early spring pasturage.
It is usually sown in the fall, and as soon as it is 4 or ;") inches
liigh it will stand a moderate amountof grazing, which can be kept
up througli tlie winter and early spring. In the s])ring it affords
a greater abundance of pasture th;in Blue-grass. Farmers who
have used it ('oniniend it most highly lor this i)urpose. One farmer
complained that butter acquired a peculiar taste when the cows
were fed on rye, but that was i)robal)ly due to some other cause.

31

Sheep's Fescue (Festuca ovhia L.). Several forms occur in the foot-
hills of Colorado. On the steep sides of rough and rocky moun-
tains it grows in small bunches with numerous firm leaves. Here
it is a most valuable grass.

Short-a-wned Brome {Byomus hreviaristatns Thurb.) (fig. 10) has been
introduced and grown for a number of years in central and western
Iowa. The results have
been very satisfactory.
Two crops may, under
favorable conditions, be
cut in a single season.
It is nearly as valuable
as Hungarian Brome, and
is worthy of a more ex-
tended trial. In Colo-
rado it is common in some
gulches in the vicinity of
Fort Collins at an alti-
tude of (5,000 feet, and is
equal in point of vigor to
Hungarian Brome-grass.
It produces an abun-
dance of large, soft leaves,
and the forage is well
liked by stock.

Side Oats Grama or Tall
Grama {Bouteloua curti-
2Je7idui(() (fig. 11) is com-
mon on hills in central
and western Iowa. It is
a valuable grass of the
loess, occurring abun-
dantly on rather dry soils.
The hay made from it is
of the very best quality.
It cures readily, and even
when cut late in the sea-
son the leaves retain their
freshness longer than many other wild grasses. It occurs through-
out Nebraska, but was apparently most abundant in the eastern
half of the State. It makes a fine growth of leaves, and is highly
prized by farmers for hay and grazing.

Sleepy-grass { Sf i2ni rohusta Scrihu.) U common at altitudes of from
5,000 to 5,r)00 feet, growing in large patches. Although cattle
are numerous everywhere in tliis region, they apparently do not
touch this grass. It flowers much later than Feather Bunch-grass
{Stipa viridula).

Fig. 10. — Shortawned Brouie-gras.s {Bromus hreviarinta-
tvs): «, the floret seeu from the side; ?/, palea: c^.joint
of tlie rachilla; c1, grain ; /, young seed or grain ; e, lower
portion of i)istil, showing lodicule.>s.

32

Slender-Fescue {Festuca octojiora Walt.) was observed not ouly iu
tlie foothills about Fort Collius, but also at Goldeu aud Colorado
Springs, Colo., from 5,000 to 9,000 feet. It is au annual, aud in
dry soil rarely attains a lieiglit of more than 4 inches, but in more
sheltered and moister places it reaches a foot in height. This grass
is at best of little value as a forage plant.
Slender Wheat-grass [Aijropjron ienernm Vasey), mentioned as
occurring along irrigation ditches throughout northern and cen-
tral Colorado, is a valu-
able mountain grass. It
grows in marshy mead-
ows, attaining a height
of 4 feet, with a large
number of soft leaves
aud a long slender spike.
It adds much to the for-
age of these mountain
meadows, and would be
far preferable to barley
as a productive crop.
Squirrel-tail grass {Hor-
deumjubatioit L.) is com-
mon in Iowa and Ne-
braska, but it may be
questioned whether it
should be included
among the forage
grasses. It grows every-
where in meadows and
pastures throughout the
State. Squirrel- tail
grass affords some pas-
turage early in the spring
and m the fall, when the
young plants come up
abundantly after the
rains. If allowed to head
out, it soon becomes a
troublesome i)est.
Swamp-Chess {Bromiis eiUatus) is of frequent occurrence in Iowa.
The variety imrgans nuitures its seed in June or early July, and
occurs chiefly in woodland pastures where it is of considerable
value. It is not as vigorous or as large a grass as the species,
uliicli matures in August. The latter has large culms aud panicles
with an almndance of leaves. This chess is certainly valuable for
Iowa. It also occurs in eastern Nebraska, chietly in woods and low

Fio. 11.— Side Oats Viia.n\ii (BouUloua eurtipendtda) : a, one
of till! sliort spikes; b, a spikekt; c, a spikelet with tbo
outer empty glumes removed.

33

meadows, where it afltbrds considerable forage, and seems worthy of
a trial under cultivation. In Colorado the variety purgans is one
of the most common of this genus at an altitude 6,000 to 7,000 feet
about Golden. It is especially common in pine and spruce woods.
It grows as vigorously at this altitude as in Iowa.

Switch-grass [Panicum rirf/atuni L.) is common and productive every-
where in central and western Iowa. It grows abundantly in native
prairie sod and along- railroads. It is by no means confined to the
bottom land or the richer prairie soil, being- frequently found on
sandy or gravelly drift, but it aftbrds more and better forage on the
richer soil. It is used for both hay and pasturage, but is of much
less value as a pasture grass than for hay. It has been tried in a
small way under cultivation in central Iowa, with promising results.
The trials have not been extended enough, however, to recommend
it for general culture. In eastern Nebraska it is abundant on the
prairies, river bottoms, and open wooded slopes, and it was observed
as far west as McCook, where the common form had a bluish color.

Tall Oat-grass {Arrkenatherum elatius Beauv.) has been tried in Iowa,
and although it stands drought and cold well and makes a good
growth, it has not come into general cultivation.

Texas Crab-grass {Svhedonnardm panieulatns Trelease) is a common
species in western Nebraska, and also occurs near Lincoln and
Crete. About Hastings, Oxford, and McCook it is abundant on
the high prairies. It is also abundant in the sandy flood plains
of the Eepublican Valley. Cattle apparently seldom eat it, except
when the grass is young and tender.

Timothy (I'hleum pratense L.) is the best known of our hay grasses.
It is used but little as a pasture grass. The bulbous tliickening
of the rootstock is apt to be pulled out by cattle or injured by
tramping. Farmers generally use it as a meadow grass, sowing
it in early spring either with or without a nurse crop or with Red
Clover. In the latter case the clover predominates the first season,
but in the second and third seasons the timothy is more abundant
and less rank than when grown by itself. Hay consisting of this
mixture is excellent and is generally preferred to any other.
Timothy is well adapted to eastern Nebraska, wliere it succeeds
better on low grounds than on the higher prairies. I saw very fine
fields in 1806. Timothy is one of the best known of the cultivated
grasses of eastern Nebraska, and is fully as much at home here
as in western Iowa. In Colorado it is frequent as an introduced
grass in moist gulches and canyons at an elevation of from 5,000
to 7,000 feet. It also grows at a higher altitude, though not so
common there. Mountain timothy {Phleiini alpinum) grows in
moist woods and marshes at higher elevations in northern Col-
orado, from 8,000 to 10,000 feet. Where cattle grazed this grass
was closely cropped, and was of considerable value as a forage plant.
3828— No. 9 3

34

Triple-awned Beard-grass {Aristida faseicidata Torrey) grows in
dry places between Oma"ba and Lincoln, Xebr., bnt west of Lin-
coln it becomes very common. This grass is of valne only when
young, as the stems and leaves soon become wiry and harsh.
Though not considered of much value on the plains, it is not with-
out merit in the foothills. It grows in small bunches, having num-
erous fine leaves.
Turkey-foot-grass [Andropoijon haUii Hack.) (fig. 12) was observed

only in the sandhill region
of western Nebraska.
Here it produces an ex-
uberant growth, 4 to 6
feet high, with a large
number of leaves. It
should be cut early if
used for hay. Cattle are
fond of the grass when
young and fatten on it.
Many farmers believe
that for range purposes
the sandhills are much
superior to the country
east, and Turkey-foot is
one of the most impor-
tant grasses of the region.
"Western Brome grass
{Bro m u .s iJnmpeUiamis)
occurs in large patches,
at an altitude of 0,500 to
10,000 feet. It is a strik-
ing green grass from 2 to
;3 feet high, and forms a
splendid turf. For cooler
regions and in moist
jilaces this would no
doubt prove valuable

Fig. 12.— TLur\iey-fo(AiXTi\sn {Andri)2)o!jonhalln}: a, apair under cultivation.

of spikelets ; i.lbe first empty glume of the sessile spike Txri^i^g Clover {Trifolium

let; c, second empty glume; d, the third glume; e, fourth '* . . ' ,

or flowering glume; /, pale.! showing a pistil and lodi I'vpcns) is a fickle pUillt

<="'••''• in Iowa. An abundance

of moisture is essential for its full develoi)meiit. AVheii this con-
dition is fnltilled it affords fine pasturage. Very few farmers ever
sow white clover. In 1894 and 1805 it was not abundant, but in
1800 the Blue grass meadows were white with it in June. It has
been suggested that the winters are too severe and the plants
are killed. Periodical scarcity of white clover is more than likely

35

to be associated with diiuiuished seed production, caused by dry
weather. The phmt blossoms freely during moist weather, attract-
ing the honey-bees, its chief pollinators. Moist weatlier accelerates
seed production, as well as vegetative growth.

Wild Rye {Eiymus canadensis) is very abundant on the prairies, low
Hats, and along the smaller streams in both Iowa and Nebraska.
On valley lands it sometimes makes np more than half the wild
hay. The forage is excellent when cut in time, but it is of little
value as cut here in ordinary practice. It is usually cut in August,
when the dead spikes stand out conspicuously among Blue stem.
There is often great danger in using such hay, as it frequently con-
tains ergot— as many as eight or nine ergotized grains having been
observed in a single head. The only safe course to pursue is to
cut the grass in July, before the ergot has formed. In favorable
seasons the meadow will produce a good second crop, which can be
used as autumn pasture.

Wild Vetch {HosacUa purshiana Benth.), a native legume on low prai-
ries in Nebraska, is a most valuable plant and worthy of cultiva-
tion. It has established itself in central Iowa, and is not uncom-
mon on the loess region along the Missouri.

Wire grass {Poa compressa L.) is frequent in dry woods and in sterile
soils in Iowa, and under such conditions is a valuable plant, form-
ing a dense and close turf. It was observed in eastern Nebraska
in the vicinity of Omaha and also as far west as McCook, in Red
Willow County, where it grows without irrigation. It thrives in
drier places and poorer soils than Blue-grass. This grass is worthy
of encouragement, for though less i)roductive. than Blue grass, it
furnishes good forage where better grasses will not grow.

LIST OF GRASSES COLLECTED IN IOWA, NEBRASKA, AND

COLORADO.

The accompanying list is based on specimens collected at the follow-
ing points:

In Iowa: Jefterson, Carroll, Carnarvon, Sioux City, Logan, Missouri
Valley, and Council Blufts.

In Nebraska: Lincoln, Crete, Oxford, and McCook.

In Colorado: Fort Morgan, Greeley, Fort Collins, La Porte, and
other points in Larimer County. Along the tributaries of the Cache la
Poudre River, Denver, near the mouth of Clear Creek Canyon, Golden,
Colorado Springs, and North Cheyenne Canyon.

The higher altitudes as here given are based on field observations.
The altitudes of lower points are based on Henry Gannett's Dictionary
of Altitudes, and are approximate only for these places.

36

ANDROPOG-ONEiE.

Audropogon nutans avenaceus Hack.

Iowa: Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet; Caruaivou, altitude 1,200 feet; Missouri Valley,

altitude 1,022 feet.
A. provincialis furcatus (Mnhl.) Hack.
Iowa: Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet; Sioux City, altitude 1,200 feet; Carnarvon, altitude

1,200 feet.
Nebraska: McCook, altitude 2,517 feet.

A. scoparius Miclix.

Towa : .Sioux City, altitude 1,230 feet; Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet; Missouri Valley,

altitude 1,030 feet.

PANICEiE.
Panicum capillare L.
Iowa: Missouri Valley, altitude 1,022 feet; Jeft'erson, altitude 1,118 feet; Carroll,

altitude 1,240 feet; Sioux City, altitude 1,122 feet.
Nebraska: Crete, altitude 1,364 feet.
Colorado: Colorado Springs, altitude 5,978 feet; Fort Collins, altitude 4,984 feet;

titlds and roadsides.

P. crus-galli L.

Iowa: .Tetterson, altitude 1,118 feet, abundant in tields, gardens, and along roads.
Colorado: Fort Collins, altitude 4,984 feet, along irrigation ditches or in moist
]daces.

P. crus-galli muticuiu Vasey.

Colorado: Fort ]\Iorgan, altitude 4,500 feet, moist places and sandy bottoms of
Platte River.

P. glabruni Oaudin.

Iowa : Missouri Valley, altitude 1,015 to 1,025 feet; Sioux City, altitude 1,110 to 1,125

feet, not common.
P. proliferum Lam.
Iowa: Missouri Valley, altitude 1,022 feet; Council Bluffs, altitude 990 to 1.025 feet;

Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet.
Nebraska: Lincoln, altitude 1,159 feet, fields and roadsides.

P. sauguinale Linn.

Iowa: .letferson, altitude 1,118 feet: Council Bluffs, altitude 990 to 1,025 feet: Sioux

City, altitude 1,122 feet; Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet.
Nebraska: Lincoln, altitude 1,159 feet.

P. scribnerianum Nasli.

Iowa: Council Bluffs, altitude 990 to 1,025 feet, common.

Nebraska : Crete, altitude 1,364 to 1,400 feet, prairies.

P. virgatuni L.

Iowa: Carrol, altitude 1,240 feet; Sioux City, altitude 1,122 feet, abundant.

Nebraska : McCook, altitude 2,517 feet, flood plains of Reptiblican River and prairies.

Chaetochloa glauca (L.) Scribn.

Iowa: .letferson, altitude 1,118 feet; Council Bluffs, altitude 990 feet; Sioux City,

altitude 1,122 feet; Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet.
C. italica (L.) Scribn.
Iowa: Carroll, altitude l,240feet; Sioux City, altitude 1,122 feet ; .lefferson. altitude

1,118 feet.
Nebraska: Crete, altitude 1,.364 feet, an escape from cultivation and spontaneous

.ilong railroads.

C verticillata (L.) Scribn.

Iowa: Coun<il Bluffs, altitude 1,025 feet, introduced.

37

C. viridis (L.) SL-iibii.

Iowa: Jeffersou, altitude 1.118 feet; Council Bluffs, altitude 990 feet; Carroll, alti-
tude 1,240 feet; Sioux City, altitude 1,122 feet.
Nebraska: Crete, altitude 1,364 feet, a comnion weed.

Cenchrus tribuloides L.

Iowa: Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet; Sioux City, altitude 1,11.") feet; Missouri Valley,

altitude 1,01.") to 1,028 feet; Council Bluffs, altitude 985 to 995 feet; abuudaut iu

Iowa along r;iilroads where sand and gravel ballast are used, also in flood plains

of streams.
Nebraska: McCook, altitude 2,517 feet, al)undant ; sandy flood i)lain of Republican

River.

ORYZE^.

Homalocenchriis oryzoides (L.) Poll.

Iowa: Carroll, altitude 1,2.30 feet ; Sioux City, altitude 1,115 feet; .Jefferson, altitude
1,118 feet, abundant in low grounds.

H. virginicus (Willd. ) Brltt.

Iowa: Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet; Jefferson, altitude 1,118 feet; Sioux City, alti-
tude 1,122 feet, fn-queut.
Nebraska: Crete, altitude 1,364 feet, in woods near streams.

PHALARIDEiE.
Phalaris arundinacea L.

Iowa: Jefferson, altitude 1,118 feet; Sioux City, altitude 1,115 feet.
Colorado: Greeley, altitude 4,770 feet, low grottnds along irrigation ditches.

Savastana odorata (L.) Soribn.

Colorado: Beaver Creek, Larimer County, altitude 8,500 feet.

AGROSTIDEiE.

Aristida fasciculata Turr.

Nebraska: Lincoln, altitude 1,159 feet ; ilcCook, altitude 2,517 feet; very common not

only in flood plains of Republican River, near McCook, but on the adjacent hills.
Colorado: Denver, altitude 5,182 to 6,000 feet; Golden, altitude 5,691 to 6,000 feet;

Mount Zion near Golden, altitude 7,500 feet; La Porte, altitude 5,000 feet; Fort

Morgan. Abundant on the plains, as well as the sandy foothills near La Porte.

At higher altitudes usually a short grass.

Stipa coniata Trin. and Rupr.

Nebraska: MoCook, altitude 2,. 507 feet.

Colorado : North Cheyenne Canyon near Colorado Springs, altitude 6,000 feet ; Fort

Collins, altitude 4,984 feet; Fort Morgan; La Porte, altitude 5 095 feet, dry soil,

red sandstone.
Stipa pinnata neo-mexicana Thurb.
Colorado: La Porte, altitude 5,095 feet; rare in dry, red soil.

S. robusta Scriljn.

Colorado: Long Gulch, Larimer County, altitude 7,800 feet; Bosworth Ranch, Lari-
mer County, altitude 7,500 feet, abundant on flats in meadows; Beaver Creek,
Larimer County, altitude 9,500 feet.

S. spartea Trin.

Iowa: Sioux City, altitude 1,122 feet; Jefferson, altitude 1,118 feet; Council Bluffs,

altitude 990 to 1,000 feet; a common grass in Iowa ; high, dry prairies and loess

along the Missouri.

S. viridula Trin.

Nebraska: McCook, altitude 2,517 feet, flood plains of Republican River.
Colorado: Fort Collins, altitude 4,978 to 5,000 feet, high banks of irrigation ditches;
Colorado Springs, altitude 5,978 feet.

38

Eriocoma cuspidata Xiitt.

Color.itlo: Fort Morgan, Platte River, altitude 4,990 feet, sandy soil, secoud bot-
toms; east of Denver, sand hills, altitude 5,100 to 5,300 feet; La Porto, sand
hills, red sandstone, altitude 5,095 feet.

Muhlenbergia gracilis Trin.

Color.ido: Fort Collins, altitude -1,984 feet, dry prairies; Beaver Creek, Larimer
County, altitude 9,500 to 10,000 feet, dry soil.

M. gracillima Torr.

Colorado: Colorado Sprin-^s, altitude 5,978 to fi,000 feet, grows in bunches, very dry

soil.

M. mexicana Triu.

lowii : Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet; Sioux City, altitude 1,122 feet; Missouri Valley,
altitude 1,022 feet, along roadsides.

M. racemosa (Miclix.) 15. S. P.

Iowa: Missouri Valley, altitude 1,022 feet; Council Bluiis, altitude 1,000 feet; Jef-
ferson, altitude 1,118 feet; Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet; Sioux City, altitude
1,122 feet.

>;ebraska : Crete, altitude 1,364 feet, moist prairies, abundant.

Phleum alpinum L.

Colorado: Happy Hollow, Larimer County, altitude 8,300 feet, low marshy grounds;

Beaver Creek, Larimer County, altitude 9,000 to 10,000 feet, subalpine, in

canyons and swamps, common.

P. pratense L.

Iowa : Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet; Sioux City, altitude 1,122 feet; .Jefferson, altitude
1,118 feet; Missouri Valley ; Logan.

Nebraska: McCook, altitude 2,517 feet, in moist grounds.

Colorado: Beaver Creek, Larimer County, altitude 9,100 feet, along trail, high
crounds; trail above Beaver Creek, Larimer County, altitude 10,.500 feet, with
a strongly developed corm-like bulb. Timothy is r-ommon throughout the irri-
gated districts of northern Colorado.

Alopecurus geuiculatus L.

Colorado: Long Gulch, Larimer County, bank of Little Beaver, altitude 8,500 feet,
rooting in mud.

A. geniculatu.s fulvus (.1. K. Smith) Scribn,

Colorado: South Branch (>ache la Poudre River, Larimer County, altitude 7,975
feet, rooting in mud; Greeley, altitude 4,770 feet.

Sporobolus airoides Torr.

Coloiado: Fort Collins, altitude 4,9.50 feet, near Cache la Poudre River; La Porte,

Larimer County, altitude 5,095 feet, sandstone soil; Fort Morgan, altitude

4,.50O feet.

S. asperifoliiis Thurb.

Colorado: La Porte, Larimer County, altitude 5,095 feet, red sandstjne; Fort Mor-
gan, altitude 4,500 feet, sandy second bottom of Platte River.

S brevifolius (Xutt.) Scribn.

Iowa: Missouri Valley, altitude 1,022 feet; Carroll, altitude 1,250 feet; Sioux City,

iiltitude 1,122 to 1,1.30 feet; Missouri Valley, altitude 1,025 to 1,030 feet; Council

Pdnlls, altitude 1,020 to 1,040 feet.
Colorado: North Cheyenne Canyon, near Colorado Springs, near mouth of canyon,

dry soil, altitude 6,000 feet.

S cryptandrus (Torr.) .\. Cray.

Iowa: .Mi>-oiiii \alley. altitude 1,022 feet.

Nebra.ska: Crete, altitude 1,364 to 1,.500 feet, dry hills; McCook, altitude 2,517 to

■-',700 feet.
Colorado: Denver, plains, altitude 5,291 feet: Fort .Morgan, altitude 4,. 5()() feet.

39

S. depauperatus (Torr.) Srribn.

Colorado: L;i Porte, Larimer County, altitude 5,050 feet, sandy soil.

S. heterolepis A. Oray.

Iowa: Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet.

S. lougifolius (Torr.) Wood.

Iowa: Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet; Sioux City, altitude 1,122 feet, prairies and

loess.
Nebraska: Hastings, prairies.

S. vagiuaeflorus Vasey.

Iowa: Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet, roadsides, (oiumon; Sioux City, altitude 1,122 to
1,130 feet, common.

Agrostis alba L.

Iowa: Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet; Jefferson, altitude 1,118 feet; Logan, Council

Bluffs, altitude 990 to 1,025 feet.
Nebraska: Creto, altitude 1,364 feet; McCook, altittide 2,517 feet, common in low

grounds, along small streams, in pastures and meadows.
A. exarata Triu.
Colorado: La Porte, Larimer County; marsh near Cache la Poudre River, altitude

4,990 feet; Greeley, altitude 4,770 feet, irrigated fiats ; Beaver Creek, Larimer

T'ounty, altitude .500 feet, in swamps.

A. scabra Willd.

Iowa: Sioux City, altitude 1,122 feet.

Colorado: Beaver Creek, Larimer County, altitude 9,100 feet, in woods of Finns
mnrrayamis, along trail,

Polypogou nionspeliensis (L.) Desf.

Colorado: Fort Collins, altitude 4,954 feet, along irrigation ditches,

Calamagrostis canadensis (Miclix. ) Beau v.

Iowa: .Jefferson, altitude 1,118 feet, low moist prairies and bottoms of small streams,
common throughout western Iowa.

C. purpurasceus R. Br.

Colorado : Beaver Creek, Larimer County, altitude 10,000 to 11,000 feet, iu dr\^ woods
and open places; grows in large bunches.

Calamovilfa longifolia fHook.) Scribn.

Iowa: Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet; Sioux City, altitude 1,122 feet.

Nebraska: McCook, altitude 2,517 feet, common loess bluffs along Missouri River.

AVENE^.

Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Triu.

Colorado: North Cheyenne Canyon, near Colorado Springs, altitude 6,500 feet.

D. caespitosa (L.) Beauv.

Colorado: Beaver Creek, Larimer County, altitude 9,800 to 11,000 feet, iu low
grounds and swamps; Long Gulch, altitude 7,775 feet.

Trisetuni subspicatum Beauv.

Colorado: Mountain trail. Pikes Peak, altitude 11,720 feet; Beaver Creek, Larimer
County, altitude 10,-500 to 11,200 feet, abundant in woods and open places.

Avena fatua L.

Colorado: Fort Collins, altitude 4,978 to 5,000 feet; Denver, altitude 5,000 feet,
weed in grain fields.

Danthonia intermedia Yascy.

Colorado: Beaver Creek, Larimer County, altitude 9,100 feet; Bosworth Ranch,
altitude 7,.500 feet, iu open pine woods, abundant.

40

CHLORIDES.

Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Willd.

Iowa: Carroll, altitude 1,230 feet; Sioux City, altitude 1.115 feet; Missouri ^'alley,

altitude 1,015 feet, abundant, alluvial bottoms and slougbs.
;N'el)raska: McCook, marshes along Kepublican River, altitude 2,512 feet

S. gracilis Triu.

Nebraska: McCook, alkaline marshes of Republican River, altitude 2,512 feet.

Colorado: La Porte, Larimer County, marsh, altitude 5,100 feet.

Schedonnardus pauiculatus (Nutt.) Trelease.

Nebraska: Lincoln, altitude 1,159 feet ; Crete, altitude 1,364 feet, dry hills; Hastings,

drj' prairies; McCook, altitude 2,517 feet, second bench lands, iiood plain

Republican River and low hills.
Colorado: Creeley, altitude 4,779 feet, dry soil, plains.

Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) A. Gray.

Iowa: Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet: Sioux City, altitude 1,122 feet; Missouri Valley,

altitude 1,022 feet; Logan, altitude 928 feet, high prairies and loess bluft's along

the Missouri.
Nebraska: Crete, altitude 1,364 feet; McCook, altitude 2,517 feet.

B. oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr.

Nebraska: Lincoln, altitude 1,159 feet; Crete, altitude 1,364 feet; Hastings; Oxford,
altitude 2,085 feet; McCook, altitude 2,517 feet, common, prairies, flood plain
of the Republican River.

Colorado: Near Colorado Springs, altitude 5,978 feet; Denver, altitude 5,200 feet;
Fort Collins, altitude 4,984 feet; Greeley, altitude 4,779 feet ; Fort Morgan, alti-
tude 4,500 feet; Stove Prairie, Larimer County, altitude 7,800 feet, not common,

Beckniauuia erucaeformis (L.) Host.

Colorado: Fort Collins, altitude 4,980 feet; Greeley, altitude 4,770 feet.

Bulbilis dactyloides (Nutt.) Raf.

Nebraska: Lincoln, altitude 1,1.59 feet, local; Crete, altitude 1,364 feet, local: Hast-
ings, abundant; McCook, altitude 2,517 feet, high hills and flood plains of
Republican River.

Ciilorado: Fort Collins, altitude 4,984 feet, plains; Fort Morgan, altitude 4,500 feet,
plains, and flood plain of Platte River.

FESTUCEiE.

Munroa squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr.

Nebraska: McCook, altitude 2,517 feet, abundant, flood plain of Republican River.
Colorado: Denver, altitude 5,200 feet, high jdains; Fort Morgan, altitude 4,500
feet, high plains; Golden, altitude 5,691 feet.

Phragmites vulgaris (Lam.) 15. S. 1'.

Iowa: Sioux City, altitude 1,115 feet; Council iUuHs, altitude 9901eet, low grounds.

Nebraska: McCook, altitude 2,512 feet.

Colorado: Fort Collins, altitude 5,100 feet, marshes.

Redfieldia flexuosa (Thnrb.) Vasej'.

Crdorado: Fort Morgan, altitude 4,500 feet, sandy bottoms of Platte River, comnjon.

Eiagrostis major Host.

Iowa: .lell'erson, altitude 1,1 IS feet; Carroll, altitude l,240feet; Sioux City, altitude

1,122 feet; Council lilull.s, altitude 990 to 1,000 feet, roadsides.
Nebraska: McCook, altitude 2,517 to 2,550 feet, roadsides.

E. pectinacea (Michx.) Steud.

Nebraska: Crete, altitude 1,364 feet; Lincoln, altitude 1,159 feet; McCook, altitude
2,517 feet.

41

,E. purshii ScLrad.

Iowa: Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet; Sioux City, altitude 1,122 feet; Council Bluffs,

altitude 990 to 1,000 feet, common along roadsides.
E. hypnoides (Lam.) B. S. P.

Iowa: Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet; Sioux City, altitude 1,110 feet.
Eatonia obtusata (Michx.) A. Gray.
Iowa: Sioux City, altitude 1,122 feet.
Nebraska: McCook, altitude 2,517 to 2,550 feet, common, high prairies and in tlood

plain of Republican River.
Colorado : Fort Collins, altitude 4,984 feet.

E. pennsylvanica (I). C.) A. Gray.

Iowa: Jefferson, altitude 1,110 feet; Sioux City, altitude 1,122 feet; Council Bluffs,
altitude 995 feet, low flood plain of rivers.

Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers.

Iowa: Jefferson, filtitude 1,118 feet; Sioux City, altitude 1,122 feet; Logan, high

j)rairi('S and loess bluffs along the Missouri.
Nebraska : McCook, altitude 2,517 feet.
Colorado: Foothills near Golden, altitude 7,500 feet; La Porte, altitude .5,095 feet,

red sandstone hills ; Long Gulch, Larimer County, altitude 7,775 feet, dry places,

common.

Catabrosa aquatica ( L. ) Beauv.

Colorado: Fort Collins, altitude 4,984 feet, in seepage water from irrigation ditches;

in gulch west of Fort Collins, altitude 5,500 feet, abundant in water.
Distichlis spicata (L.j Greene.
Nebraska: Lincoln, altitude 1,159 feet, salt marsh; McCook, altitude 2,517 feet, salt

marsh, flood jjlain Republican River, base of hills.
Colorado: Denver, altitude 5,200 feet, in vacant lots.

Dactylis gloinerata L.

Iowa: Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet; Sioux City, altitude 1,122 feet, common.

Nebraska: McCook, altitude 2,517 feet, not common.

Colorado: Golden, altitude 5,691 feet.

Poa arctica R. Br.

Colorado: Above Beaver Creek, Larimer County, at snoAv bank, altitude 10,000 feet;

swamp, Beaver Creek Canyon, altitude 9,500 feet.
P. arida Yasey.

Nebraska: McCook, altitude 2,517 feet.
Colorado: Fort C(dlins, altitude 4,484 feet, in dry soil, plains; La Porte, altitude

5,500 feet ; above Beaver Creek, Larimer County, altitude 10,000 feet, dry places.
P, buckleyana Nash.
Colorado: Beaver Creek, Larimer County, altitude, 9,100 feet ; Golden; Mount Zion,

altitude 7,500 to 8,000 feet; also in Clear Creek Canyon, altitude 7,500 feet, ojien

grounds.

P. coloradoansis Vasey.

Colorado: Rists Canyon, altitude 6,500 feet.

P. compressa L.

Iowa: Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet; Sioux City, altitude 1,122 feet, dry banks along

i^ailroads.
Nebraska : Crete, altitude 1,364 feet, dry banks; McCook, altitude 2,517 feet.
Colorado: North Cheyenne Canyon, Colorado Springs, altitude 6,000 feet, in open

grounds.

P. epilis Scribn.

Colorado: Above Beaver Creek, Larimer County, timber line, altitude 11,000 feet,

also at snow bank, altitude 10,000 feet ; and swamps, Beaver Creek Canyon,

between 9,800 and 10,000 feet.

42

p. fendleriana Steiul.

Colora.lo: Little Beaver, Larimer County, 9,100 feet; Beaver Creek Canyon, altitude
10,500 feet; soutli fork Cache la Poudre, Larimer County, altitude 8,500 feet.

P. flava L. , . 1

Colorado : Fort Collins, altitude 4,978 feet, low grounds near river; Greeley, altitude

4,779 feet, low grounds.

P. lucida Vasey.

Colorado : Colden, Clear Creek Canyon, altitude 7,500 feet.

P. lettermani Vasey.

Colorado : Pikes Peak, altitude 14,1-17 feet ; timber line, altitude 11,700 to 13,600 feet,
common and conspicuous among other grasses.

P. iiemoralis L.

Colorado: Golden, Clear Creek Canyon; Mount Zion, altitude 6,500 to 7,500 feet;
North Cheyenne Canyon, near Colorado Springs; mountain trail, Pikes Peak,
altitude 11,000 feet; Fort Collins, altitude 4,950 feet, irrigated flats; in gulch
west of Fort Collins, altitude 5,500 feet; ahove Beaver Creek, Larimer County,
altitude 9,000 to 10,000 feet; Happy Hollow, Larimer County, altitude 7,900
feet; Rists Canyon, altitude 6,665 feet, common in the mountains in moist
places.

P. pratensis L.

Iowa: Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet; Sioux City, altitude 1,122 feet.

Nebraska: Hastings; McCook, altitude 2,517 feet, in moist places.

Colorado : Colorado Springs, altitude 5,978 to 6,000 feet; Fort Collins, irrigated fields,
altitude 4,978 feet; Bosworths Ranch, Larimer County, altitude 7,500 feet;
Poverty Flats, Larimer County, altitude 7,800 feet, open, dry flats, grass much
reduced in size ; Happy Hollow, Larimer County, altitude 7,900 feet.

P. lupestris Vasey.

Colorado: Mountain trail, Pikes Peak, altitude 11,500 feet; above timber lino, alti-
tude 12,500 feet ; above Beaver Creek, Larimer County, altitude 9,()00 to 10,000
feet, in swamps.

P. tracyi Vasey.

Colorado: Fort Collins, gulch west of Pennock, altitude 5,500 feet, in lower places.

P. -wheeleri Vasey.

Colorado: Beaver Creek, Larimer County, altitude 9,100 feet.

Puccinellia airoides (Nutt.) Wats. & Coult.

Colorado: Fort Collins, altitude 4,950 feet, near river; Greeley, altitude 4,770 feet,

low grounds.
Panicularia nervata (Willd.) Kuntze.
Colorado : North Cheyenne Canyon, near Colorado Springs, altitude 8,000 feet, edges

of brooks.

Festuca arizonica Vasey.

Colorado: Beaver Creek, Larimer County, altitude 9,100 to 9,500 feet, dry open
places; Rists Canyon, altitude 6,500 feet, a stout harsh grass.

F. brevifolia R. Br.

C..lora<lo: Beaver Creek, Larimer County, altitude 9,800 feet, dry sterile soil.

F. kingii (S. Wats.) Scribn.

Colorado: Little South Cache la Poudre, Larimer County, altitude 8,700 feet;
Beaver Creek, Larimer County, altitude 9,500 feet.

F. ovina L.

Colorado: Mountain trail, Pikes Peak, altitude 11,000 feet (a form of) ; Beaver Creek,
Larimer County, altitude 9,000 feet, dry .soil; Happy Hollow, Larimer County,
altitude 7,900 feet; Poverty Flats, Larimer County, altitude 8,020 feet.

43

F. octoflora Walt.

Iowa: Sioux City, altitude 1,122 feet.

Nebraska: Crete, altitude 1,364 feet; McCook, altitude 2,517 feet.

Colorado: Golden, altitude 5,691 feet; Monut Zion, near Golden, altitude 7,500 feet;

Denver, altitude 5,294 feet, dry soil; common at all the above points.
Bromus breviaristatus Bnckl.
Colorado: Fort Collins; gulch west of Penuock, Larimer County, altitude 5,500

feet, in moist soil.

B. ciliatus L.

Iowa: 8ioux City, altitude 1,122 feet.

Colorado: Beaver Creek, Larimer County, altitude 9,100 to 9,800 feet, in rather dry
woods.

B. ciliatus purgans A. Gray.

Colorado: Clear Creek Canyon, near Golden, altitude 7,000 feet, in spruce woods.
B. inerniis Leyss.

Colorado: Fort Collins, altitude 4,974 feet, escaped from cultivation, College farm.
B. kalmii A. Grjiy.

Colorado: Stove Prairie, Larimer County, altitude 7,800 feet, dry open woods.
B. pumpellianiis Scribn.

Colorado: Beaver Creek, Larimer County, altitude 9, .500 feet.
B. tectorum L.

Colorado: Fort Collins, altitude 4,974 feet, escaped from cultivation, common station
grounds, College farm.

B. unioloides II BK.

Colorado: Fort Collins, altitude 4,974 feet, escaped from cultivation, College farm.

HORDEiE.

Agropyron dasystachyuni subvillcsum Scribn. and Smith.

Colorado: Bosworth ranch, Larimer County, altitude 7, .500 feet, low meadows.

A. diver gens Nees.

Colorado: Golden, altitude 5,691 feet, open low places; Clear Creek Canyon, alti-
tude 6,500 to 7,000 feet; Beaver Creek, Larimer County, altitude 9,500 feet,
swamp; Long Gulch, altitude 7,800 feet, low places.

A. divergens teniiispiciini Scribn. and Smith.

Colorado: Happy Hollow, altitude 7,500 feet, low grounds.

A. pseudorepens Scribn. and Smith.

Colorado: Bosworth ranch, Larimer County, altitude 7,200 feet, in open woods.

A. repens (L.) lieauv.

Iowa: Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet; Sioux City, altitude 1,122 feet.

Nebraska: McCook, altitude 2,517 feet, introduced.

A. richardsoni Schrad.

Colorado: Stove Prairie, Larimer County, altitude 8,000 feet, in open, dry soil.

A. scribneri ^'^asey.

Colorado: Beaver Creek, Larimer County, at timber line, altitude 11,000 feet.

A. spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. and Smith.

Iowa: Sioux City, altitude 1,122 feet, loess soil, common.

Nebraska: Lincoln, altitude 1,1.59 feet; Crete, altitude 1.364 feet; Oxford, altitude

2,085 feet; McCook, altitude 2,517 feet; abundant, prairies.
Colorado: Fort Morgan, altitude 4,500 feet.
A. teneriim VaseJ^
Colorado: Colorado Springs, altitude 5,978 feet; Fort Collins, altitude 4,970 feet,

along irrigation ditches; Greeley, altitude 4,779 feet, along irrigation ditches.

44

Hordeum jubatum L.

lowii: Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet; Sioux City, altitude 1,123 feet; Council Bluffs,

altitude 990 to 1,000 feet; Logan, altitude 928 feet; Jefleison, altitude 1,100 feet;

abundant weed in uieadovvs, pastures along roadsides, and along railroads.
Nebraska: Hastings, along railroads; McCook, altitude 2.517 feet, along railroads,

saudy bottoms of Kepublican River.
Colorado: Fort Morgan, altitude 4,500 feet; Fort Collins, altitude 4,978 feet; along

railroads, seepage swamps, and flats, abundant.

H. pusillum Nutt.

Iowa : Council Bluffs, altitude 1,000 feet, introduced.

Nebraska: Crete, altitude 1,364 feet; Hastings, along railroads, dry prairie soil;

McCook, altitude 2,517 feet, along railroads and prairies.
Colorado: Denver, altitude 5,294 feet, prairies; Fort Collins, altitude 4,978 feet.

Elymus canadensis L.

Iowa: Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet; Sioux City, altitude 1,122 feet, loess bluffs;

.Jefferson, altitude 1,11S feet; Logan.
Nebraska : Lincoln, altitude 1.159 feet; Crete, altitude 1,364 feet, dry prairies, along

railroads; McCook, altitude 2,517 feet, flood plains of Eepublicau River.
Colorado : Fort Collins, altitude 4,984 feet, along railroads ; Colorado Springs, altitude

5,978 feet; Rists Canyon, Larimer County, altitude 6,500 feet, dry open places.

E. glaucus Buckley.

Nebraska: McCook, altitude 2,517 feet, dry places, flood plains Republican River.

E. macounii ^'asey.

Colorado : Greeley, altitude 4,770 feet, river bottoms : Fort Collins, altitude 4,900
feet, flats. Cache la Poudre River, common. The species has also been Ibuud
near Jewell Junction, Iowa (Carver), in what was once an old lake bed.

E. nitidus Vasey.

Colorado: Near Golden, Clear Creek Canyon, altitude 6,000 to 7,000'feet. in yellow

pine woods.
E. robu.stus Seribn. and Smith.
Iowa: Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet.

E. striatus AVilld.

Iowa: Carroll, altitude 1,240 feet; Sioux City, altitude 1,122 feet; Jefferson, altitude
1,118 feet ; Council Bluffs, altitude 990 feet.

E. triticoides Buckl .

Colorado : Near Golden, Clear Creek Canyon, altitude 7.500 feet, in woods.

E. virglnicus L.

Iowa: .Jefferson, altitude 1,118 feet; Sioux City, altitude 1,122 feet; Council Bluffs,
altitude 990 feet; Logan, altitude 928 feet; Missouri Valley, altitude 1,022 feet.

Sitanion elymoides Raf.

Nebraska: McCook, aUitiide 2,517 feet, abundant, flood i)lains b'epublicau River.

Colorado: Denver, altitude 5,294 feet, abundant, dry plains; Gulden, altitude 7,000
i'eet; Mount Zion,near Golden, altitude 7,500 feet; Colorado Springs, altitude
5,978 feet; North Cheyenne Canyon, r.ear Colorado Springs, altitude 6,500 feet;
Fort ilorgau, altitude 4,500 feet.

INDEX

Page.

Agropyron caniDum 18

(lasystachjiiQi sul)villo.suni 43

divergens 18,43

tenuispicuiii 43

]»seu(lorepeii8 43

repens 23, 43

richardsoni 18, 43

scribneri 43

spicatum 22, 43

tenerum 32

Agrostidea? 37

Agrostis alba 30, 39

exarata 39

scabra 39

Alfalfa 16

Alopecnrus geniculatns 38

fiilviis 38

pratensia 8

Alsike 1''

Andropogon ballii 34

nutans avenaceHS 22, 36

provtncialis 18

furcatiis 36

scopariiis 27, 36

AndropogonerP 36

Anbenatberum elatiiis 33

Aristida fasciculata 34, 37

Astragalus canadensis 9

caryocarpiis 21

Avena fatua 39

Aveneaj ''9

Barnyard grass 17

Bearded TVbcat-grass 18

Beckmannia eriicaefoniiis 40

Big Blue-stem 18

Sand-grass 19

Black Graiua 19

Blue Grama 19

Blue-joint ^ 20

Bonteloua curtipendula 31, 40

hirsuta 19

oligostacbya 19, 40

Bromus breviaristatus 31, 43

ciliatus ;^2, 43

purgans 43

inermis W, 13,25,43

kalmii 43

pumpellianus 34,43

tectorum 13, 43

unioloides 13, 43

Broom-corn millet 20

Buffalo Bunch-grass 20

Grass 20

Pea 21

Page.

Bulbilis dactyloides 20, 40

Bunch grass 21

Spear-grass 21

Bushy Blue stem 22

Calamagrostis canadensis 20. 39

purpurascens 39

Calaniovilfa longifolia 19, 39

California Oat-grass 22

Carex ajuncis 13

marcida 13

Catabrosa aquatica 13, 41

Cenchrus tribuloides 37

Cbaetocbloa glauca 24, 36

italica 36

germauica - 28

yerticillata 36

viridis 24,37

ChloridefP 40

Colorado Blue-stem 22

Cord-grass 23

Couch-grass 23

Crab-grass 23

Crotalaria sagittalis 9

Daitylis glomerata 29, 41

Dalea alojiecuroides 9

Danthonia californica 22

intermedia 39

Descbampsia ca?spitosa 39

flexuosa 39

Distichlis spicata 41

Downy Oat-grass 23

Early Bunch-grass 23

Eatonia obtusata 23, 41

pennsylvanica 41

Elyraus canadensis 35,44

condensatus 24

glaucus 44

macounii 13, 44

nitidus 44

robuatus 44

striatus 44

tritiooides 44

virginicus 44

Eragrostis hypnoides 41

major "1"

pectinacea 40

purshli 41

Eriocoma euspidata 38

Euphorbia marginata 10

Feather Bunch-grass 23

Festuca arizonica 42

brevifolia 42

kiuKii 42

octotiora 32, 43

45

46

Page.

Festuca ovina 31, 42

scabrella 20

Festiieeii? -^0

Fowl Meadow-grass 24

Foxtail -4

Giant Kye-grass --t

Homalocenchrus ory zoides •*"

virginicus 37

Hordese 43

Horcli'iini jiibatiiin 32, 44

luiaillum 44

Hosackia purshiana 35

Hungarianbrome 25

Jauiesia ainericana li

Kent ucky Blue-grass 25

Koeleria cristata 29, 41

Large Rush-grass 27

Lepidium apetalum 26

Little r.kie-stem 27

Loco weed 27

Lupiuus plattensis 27

Manna-grass 27

Meadow Foxtail 8

Grass 27

Medicago sativa 10

Millet. r 28

Mublenbergia 8

arizouica 38

gracilis 38

gracillinia 38

inexicaua 38

Munroa squarrosa 40

IN^eedle-grass 28

Orchard grass 29

Oryzew 37

Oxytropis lambertii 9, 27

Paniceie 36

Pani< iilai'ia atiuatica 27

iicrvata 27, 42

Panicuiii capillare 36

criisgalli 17, 36

luuticuni 36

glabnim 36

juiliaceum 20

proli fcrinii 36

sanguiuale 23, 36

scribuerianum 36

virgatum 33, 36

Pepper-grass 26

Petalostemon candidus 9

violaceus 9

Phacidiuni wedicagiuis 17

TMialaii.lce 37

Plialaria arundinacea 30, 37

I'lilcuin alpiuum 38

I)ratense 33, 38

Pliiagniiti-s vulgaris 30

Physocarpus torreyi 14

Pigfon-grass 24

Pinus ponderosus 14

scopulornni 14

Poa alpiua 28

arclica 41

arida 21, 41

buckleyana 28, 41

Page

Poa coioradoensis 41

corapressa 35,«41

epilis 41

fendleriana 42

flava 24, 42

lettennaui 42

luclda 42

neinoralis 28, 42

prateusis 25, 42

rupestris 42

traceyi 42

wbeeleri 28, 42

wolfii 28

Polypogon monspeliensis 13, 39

Populus treniuloides 14

Porcupine-grass 29

Prairie June-grass 2 J

Puccinellia airoides 42

Pursbia tridentata 14

Iledfieldia flexuosa 40

Red-top 30

Reed Canary-grass 30

Reed-grass 30

Rubus deliciosus 14

Rye 30

Satin-grass 8

Savastana odorata - 37

Schedonnardus paniculatus 33, 40

Scirjius lacustris 13

Secale eereale 30

Sheei)'s Fescue 31

Short-awned Brome 31

Side Oafs Grama 31

Sitanion elynioides i)

Sleepy grass 31

Slender Fescue 32

Wheat-grass 32

Smooth Brome 25

Solidago canadensis 10

rigida 10

Spartlna cyuosuroides 23, 40

gracilis 40

Sporobolus airoides 38

asperil'olins 38

brevifolius 38

condensatus 27

cryptandrus 27, 38

depaupcratus 39

heterolepis 21, 39

bookeri 27

vagina-Horus 27, 39

Sijuirrel-tail grass 32

Stipa comata 28, 37

peunata nco-mexicana 37

robusta 31,37

spartea 29,37

viridula 23, 31, 37

Swamp Chess 32

Sw itch-grass 33

Tall Grama 31

Oat-grass 33

Texas Crab-grass 33

Timothy 33

Tril'olium dasypbyllum 15

hybriduiu 17

47

Page.

Trifolium uanum 15

pari-yi 15

pratense 30

repens 34

stolouiferuiii 9

Triple-awned Beard-grass 34

Trisetum subspicatum 23, 39

Page.

Tarkey-foot grass 31

Western Brome-grass 34

White Clover 30, 34

Wild Eye 35

Vetch 35

Wire Bunch-grass 18

grass 35

o

Bulletin No. 10. Agroa.27.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

mVl'SlON OF AGROSTOLOGY.

[CirniiM siiiii For:t;i<- Piaiil I ■■ vCMtig^atioiiN. ]

A RE

urox TiiK

GRASSES ANT) FORAGE PLANTS

OF

CENTRAL l^EXAS.

KY

LI. L. L^ETnTTLiEY,

Special iijent in Charije of Grass Experiments at Abilene, Tex.
PKEPAliKl) UNDER TIIK 1)IUE(;TI()N OF rUH A( IlIOSTOLOGIST.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1898.

Bulletin No. 10.

Agroa. 27.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY.
[Cirass niicl Forage Plant InvcfiitigatioiiH.]

A REPORT

UPON THE

GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS

OF

CENTRAL TEXAS.

BY

H. L. BENTLEIY,

Special Agent in Chari/e of Grass Experiments at Abilene, Tex.

PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE AGROSTOLOGIST.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1898.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

TJ. S. Department of Agriculture,

Division of Agrostology,
Washington^ D. C, March 3, 1898.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith for publication, as Bul-
letin No. 10 of this division, a report by Mr. H. L. Bentley, special
agent in the Division, upon the grasses and forage plants of central
Texas. This report contaius brief accounts of the physical character
of central Texas; the early aud present condition of the ranges; and
popular descriptions, and general observations upon the distribution
and economic importance of a large number of the grasses and forage
plants native to the region. From this report stockmen and others
will gain some idea of the extent and value of the natural forage
resources of the country, and it will, without doubt, awaken an interest
in the preservation and improvement of the forage supplies.
Eespectfully,

F. Lamson-Scribner,

Agrostologist.
Hon. James Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.

3

CONTENTS.

Page.

The cattle ranges and their deterioration 7

Purpose of report - •

Physical character of the country 7

Early condition of the ranges 8

Speculation and overstocking 9

How the stock ranges may he renewed 10

Need of hay and other forage - 10

Native grasses and forage plants recommended for propagation 11

Grasses H

Forage plants not grasses 20

Grasses and forage plants of prohable value 25

Common grasses of little forage value 28

5

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.
Fig. 1. Feather Blue-stem {Andropogon saccharoides torreyanus) 12

2. Blue Grama {Bouteloua oligostachya) 13

3. Everlasting Grass (Eriochloa punctata) 14

4. Curly Mesquite (Hilaria cenchroides) 15

Barnyard Grass {Panicum crus-galU) 17

o.

6. Colorado Grass {Panicum texanum) 18

/.

Wild Bean ( Fhaseolus helvohis) 22

8. Buffalo Grass (Utdbilis daeti/loides) 24

9. Knot Grass {Paspaluni distichum) 27

10. Tumble Weed {Amaranihun blitoides) 30

11. Ground Plum {Astragalus crassicarpus) 31

12. Alfilaria {Erodium cicutarium) 33

13. Prickly Pear ( Opuntia engelmanni) 35

14. Mesquite Bean {Prosopis juliflora) 36

A REPORT UPON THE GRASSES AND FORAGE
PLANTS OF CENTRAL TEXAS.

THE CATTLE RANGES AND THEIR DETERIORATION.
PURPOSE OF REPORT

The purpose of this report is to invite the attention of stoclvmen and
farmers to the mistakes made in the past in dealing witli native grasses
and forage plants, and to offer suggestions for their future guidance.

Central Texas may be considered a typical stock section. The
jjroblems here presented are identical with those of other regions
where overstocking and insuflicient care of the natural growth of
grasses and forage plants have led to the impoverishment of the
ranges. The natural herbage of the Southwestern plains and prairies
was once as varied and as rich as could be found anywhere. The
wild grasses could not be excelled either for hay or pasturage. They
are still to be found scattered over the region, not in as great profu-
sion and abundance as in the days when the cattlemen first drove their
herds into that magnificent, pasture, but enough of them are there
to make it possible by intelligent management to produce something
like the former conditions.

PHYSICAL CHARACTER OF THE COUNTRY.

The central Texas of this report includes all the counties of Stone-
wall, Haskell, Throckmorton, Fisher, Jones, Shackelford, Xolan, Tay-
lor, Callahan, Eunnels, Coleman. Tom Green, Concho, McCulloch, and
parts of the counties of Kent, Scurry, Mitchell, Coke, San Saba, Brown,
Eastland, Stejihens, and Young. It embraces a territory about 100
miles wide, east and west, and about 200 miles long, north and south.

The characteristics common to these counties are : An open prairie
country with some black-jack, post-oak, and live-oak timber on the
uplands and ridges; a scattering growth of mesquite on the lands away
from the streams, which, together with the timber on the streams, sup-
plies ample firewood and posts for fencing purjioses; numerous streams
that furnish an abundance of water, fringed along their banks with
groves of pecan, elm, hackberry, wild china, cottonwood, and other
trees; an altitude ranging from 1,500 to 1,900 feet above sea level; an
annual rainfall of from 20 to 34 inches, the average being about 27

7

8

inches, so distributed througli the year that it means sufficient for range
l)urposes, but periodically not sufficient for the best results in farming;
a range of temperature from 90° to 102° down to 7° F. ; a rich alluvial
soil in most of the valleys, while on the uplands there are loams, gen-
erally containing a large admixture of calcareous marls. The soils
vary in color from a light gray or yellow, through all the intermediate
colors — chocolate, mulatto, red, and brown — to black, all productive
and susceptible of high cultivation, and especially rich in the elements
necessary for the j)roduction of the cereals and grasses. There is a
great variety of native forage ])lauts and grasses, comprising species
that api)ear in succession from February to November.

In Stonewall, Nolan, Mitchell, McCulloch, Coke, San Saba, and
Taylor counties the toi)Ography presents a greater diversity than in
the others. In Taylor County there are considerable elevations, a
mountain range extending through it from southeast to northwest, the
highest point being 519 feet above the surrounding plains. In Throck-
morton, Stephens, Shackelford, Callahan, Runnels, Coleman, and Tom
Green counties there are broken areas. In the other ten counties,
where there are neither mountains nor hills, the general surface is
gently undulating.

Under the direction of the Agrostologist of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, portions of this section were visited by the writer
during August, September, and October (1897), and collections of
grasses made, notes being taken relative to the forage plants, native
and domesticated, that have given promise of future value. These
observations, owing to the limited time in which they were made, do
not cover all the counties named, but it is probable that nearly every
grass noted may be found in each of the counties, and the statements
regarding them will doubtless apply to the entire region.

EARLY CONDITION OF THE RANGES.

The natural meadows of this section when the first cattlemen took
possession were excellent. It was an ideal pasture land. The streams
were full the year round, and the absence of heavy dews or long-con-
tinued wet spells in autumn caused the abundant growth of grasses to
rii)on and cure on their own roots into hay of the best quality, available
through all the winter months. There was shelter from st(n-ms in the
timber along the streams. The prairie dogs and jack rabbits were
kept in check by their natural enemies. The rapid spread of weedy
shrubs and cactus was prevented by the annual fires that swept the
(country.

No attempt at systematic settlement was made until the building of
the Texas and Pacific Kiiilroad in 1883. Before that time there was no
one to assert any si»ccial claim to any particular lands. True, nearly
all belonged to private individuals, railroad companies, (;ounties, or
to some of the State trust funds, but nune of the legal owners were

on the ground in i)erson. There was nothing to prevent the cowmen
from appropriating the range, arbitrarily laying oft' their range bound-
aries, and claiming them under their so called "range rights." The
first cowman who entered a given section established his headquarters
in some favored spot and claimed, uuder his range rights, everything
in sight. When the next cowman moved in, the two together divided
the range and each kept his herd on his own side of the boundary line
agreed upon between them. As others came, the range was further
subdivided until it was all fully occupied. Absolute good faith was
maintained, each recogui/ing the range rights of the other. There was
no need for one to crowd the other, for there was plenty, and to spare,
for all. They each and all recognized that with " free grass" the road
to wealth was an easy and certain one.

SPECULATION AND OVERSTOCKING.

With the entrance of the railroad into this pastoral region the
owners of the lands under consideration, or their agents, began to appear
with a view to looking up their properties. Then it was that the cow-
men began to realize that they could not longer depend on free grass.
The result was natural, indeed inevitable. Every man was seized with
a desire to make the most of his opijortuuities while they lasted.
W^hereas there had i)reviously been no rent to pay and only a minimum
of taxes, each one saw that this situation could not last. In consequence
every man who had a " range right" went into the market to buy cows
to eat as much of the grass as possible before he should be dispos-
sessed of his free holding. Soon there were more buyers than sellers.
Prices went up and a fever of speculation ensued. Range rights, herds
of cattle, and flocks of sheep changed hands at fabulous prices. Men
of every rank were eager to go into the "cow business." In a short
time every acre of free grass was stocked beyond its fullest capacity.
Thousands of cattle or sheep were crowded on the ranges where half
the number was too many. The grasses were entirely consumed; their
very roots were trampled into dust and destroyed. In their eagerness
to get something for nothing speculators did not hesitate at the perma-
nent injury, if not total ruin, of the flnest grazing country in America.

From that day to the j^resent but little intelligent eftbrt has been
made to imjjrove the pastures and again cover them with the rich vege-
tation which the soil is capable of supporting. It is not yet too late to
remedy the evil, but no time is to be lost. There is need in the first
place of the enactment of more beneficent lease laws to govern the use
of county and State lands. Permanency of tenure is essential, for it is
only through such a condition that stockmen can be made to see that
it is to their own interest to improve the carrying capacity of the range.
There must be intelligent and concerted eftbrt, and it can not be expected
that stockmen will be different from other men if they decline to make
such eftbrt at range improvement when the results of their toil and

10

forethought are to be enjoyed by others. They are all alike, grass
destroyers, so loug as it is not to their own immediate interest to be
grass i)reservers. Stockmen have been reckless in this direction, farmers
have been their allies. The latter still wage a war of extermination on
the grasses growing in and about their fields. In his effort to make
room for more cheap cotton the farmer ruthlessly breaks the sod that if
properly treated and cared for as pasture would yield him far better
returns.

HOW THE STOCK RANGES MAY BE RENEWED.

In considering the question of how the ranges may be renewed, the
ideas and opinions of the leading stockmen of this section have been
solicited. They vary from that of giving the grasses absolute rest
until the ground has been reseeded with the best native varieties, to
that of partially breaking the sod and seeding down the land to sor-
ghum, Johnson grass, or the best of the tame hay grasses.

If the natural pastures are to be once more brought up to their origi-
nal condition certain precautions must be taken. There must be no
more overstocking of the range. On the contrary, as far as practicable,
the land must be systematically rested. Some of the leading stockmen
are now dividing up their holdings into several pastures, one being held
exclusively for winter use, another for spring, another for midsummer
or autumn. This practice will, in the case of the winter pasture, enable
the early grasses to ripen and shed their seeds. To be successful there
should be rotation in the seasonal use of these pastures. Thus a pas-
ture which is grazed closely during winter for three or four successive
years should then be grazed only in summer for a like term, in order
that the late-maturing grasses, which would naturally be the ones eaten
during the winter, may have an opportunity to reseed themselves and
regain their former abundance. By this system of rotation the carry-
ing capacity of the pastures may be doubled or trebled in the course of
a few years.

NEED OF HAY AND OTHER FORAGE.

It will be necessary also to provide hay and forage, which may be
used during storms or in case of unusually severe winters, or in years
when through drought or other causes the natural herbage is less than
the normal. Tlie range grasses, even when abundant, may be so injured
by such unusual occurrences as heavy autunm rains as to be worthless
as food for stock. During the severe winters thousands of cattle and
sheep often die from starvation. Five per cent of their value invested
in hay or other feed and kept available for use during winter storms
would not only have saved their lives, but have brought them through
the season in growing and healthy condition. Vast quantities of hay
ccmld a few years ago be secured anywhere for the cost of cutting and
curing. With a renewed range this coiulition may be again attained,
aud even if the wihl hay can not be depended on or can not be secured

11

a sufficient crop of sorghum, Kaffir com, or some of the coarser culti-
vated hay grasses should be planted to supply feed in times of scarcity.
Hay meadow s formed of native grasses are greatly needed. These
native grasses have in the past shown all the best qualities of hay
grasses elsewhere, and they do not require any experimental work to
determine their adaptability to soil and climate or their general value.
More than a third of all the grasses in the United States grow within
the confines of the state of Texas, and the establishment of natural
hay meadows of the wild grasses and forage plants is bound to prove
successful and profitable. The first question to be determined is, which
are the best for hay and which for grazing. Stockmen can do this work
on their own ranches and settle the question for themselves. They
can prepare and seed down lands with the best grasses and save hay
every year for winter use, thereby adding largely to the capacity of
their pastures for carrying stock. As soon as dependence is placed
on hay or fodder the pastures are bound to improve, because stock fed
a part of every year will need less pasture grass, and the pastures
being allowed this periodic rest will more rapidly attain their best
development.

NATIVE GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS RECOMMENDED FOR

PROPAGATION.

In a consideration of the different native grasses and forage plants it
has not been i)Ossible to inspect the ranges in all the couuties, but those
here discussed may be taken to fairly represent the entire section. Of
the many varieties found, the following, from i)ersonal observation and
from the accounts given by ranchmen and farmers, apj)ear to be the
most valuable:

GRASSES.

Western Wheat-grass [Agropyron spicatum) is a blue-stem which
is rather wiry. It is from 20 to 30 inches high, and grows luxuriantly
all over central Texas. While it will not produce as much hay to the
acre as some other species, stockmen value it highly for its nutritive
qualities. It withstands the droughts to which the section is period-
ically subject, and is to be found not only on the uplands, but also in
the low moist meadows. It is also known in the Northwest as Colorado
Blue stem.

Feather Sedge or Feather Blue-stem {Andropogon saccharoides
torreyanus) (fig. 1) grows in all of the counties of central Texas. It has
a feathery looking "seed head" and a blue stem, grows from 2 to 3.J
feet tall, and ripens an abundance of seed in September. When cured
it is soft to the touch and is much relished by cattle. This is a com-
mon grass on the dry prairies and mesas from Kansas to Texas west-
ward to Arizona and southward into Mexico.

12

Bushy Blue-stem [Andropogon nutans)^ a very tall, caue-like grass,
growing principally iu rocky places, tliougli it is also on the open
prairies. It will produce good hay in large quantities.

Side-oats G-rama {Bouteloua curtipendula)^ one of the best native
grasses in central Texas, is highly regarded by stockmen. It was
splendidly seeded in September when examined on the range. It
grows equally well on the uplands and lowlands, in fallow ground and in
the pastures. Cattle are very fond of it both before and after it ripens
seed. It produces a great many seeds that do not shatter out readily,

and, as it grows from 18 inches
to 3 feet tall and makes a large
quantity of fodder, soft when
cured, it is an excellent hay
grass. It is common through-
out the prairie region and on
the plains extending eastward
to Pennsylvania.

Black G-rama {Bouteloua
liirsuta). — Black grama is not
as common throughout central
Texas as stockmen would like
to have it. It is not a hay grass,
as it does not often grow tall
enough for the mower, but it is
certainly one of the best grasses
for grazing purposes. In ap-
pearance it closely resembles
the blue grama {Bouteloua oli-
gostachya), which is one of the
most common of the native
grasses of the "benches" of
Montana. vSeveral stockmen of
Mitchell and Taylor counties
state that this black grama is
"taking the prairie" rapidly,
more of it being seen in 1897
than in former years.
Blue Grama {Bouteloua oUgostachya) (fig. 2).— Very similar iu
most respects to the black grama, about the only difference noticeable
by the unscientific observer being the lighter color of its " seed heads."
It grows throughout all the cattle-raising States west of the Missis-
sippi and is very common in Montana and Colorado, where it is known
as Buffalo-grass. In central Texas it is regarded with nuich favor by
stockmen. As it grows well on the high arid plains and bench lands
and also on the lower and damper pasture lands, and is both a hay and
a j)a8ture grass, too high an estimate can not be put on it for stock pur-
poses. It is said that "it far exceeds, in general opinion, the true

Fig. 1.— Feather Blue-stem.

13

buffalo grass {Bulbilis dactyloides), which has gained much of its credit
at the expense of jBo?t:^e?owa, the two being often confused by farmers
and ranchmen."

Rescue Grass or Arctic G-rass {Bronms unioloides). — An excellent
winter-pasture grass, but not widely distributed in this section. The
specimen forwarded for identification was found in Nolan County, in
September. At that time its seeds had shattered out badly, and its
leaves were not green, nor was there much of it. Stockmen say, how-
ever, that earlier in the sea-
son it was to be found in fair
quantities in Mitchell, Nolan,
and Taylor counties. It has
been reported from some of
the other counties of central
Texas, where it is valued
both as a pasture and as a
hay grass.

Arizona Millet ( Glmtochloa
macrostachya). — A tall, rather
coarse ujiland grass. It is a
valuable hay grass because of
its habit of growth, i>roducing
an abundance of fodder and
seed. It is one of the most
common grasses of this section
of Texas.

Bermuda (Gynodon dacty-
Ion). — Probably not a native,
but now so common in every
part of this section that it is
regarded as one of its dis-
tinctive grasses. It grows
about the windmills where
it is freely watered tall enough
to be cut for hay. For graz-
ing purposes it is doubtful
if any other grass will furnish
more or better pasturage. If

stockmen, instead of confining the propagation of it to their yards and
lawns, would put down extensive fields of it, they would be amply
repaid for the labor and exj)ense. One stockman who has a 10-acre
pasture well sodded with Bermuda grass says that he kept more than
a dozen calves and 4 head of horses on it month after month, and that
he frequently permitted as many as 10 extra horses to run on it
several days in succession, and that he never thought he had over-
stocked it. In the cities of central Texas it is being used to improve
the footpaths and lawns. Stockmen and farmers in the country are

Fig. 2.— Blue Grama.

14

using it to advantage to strengthen their dams and the banks of their

water tanks.

"Wild Rye (EJymus canadensis) grows in nearly every neighborhood.
It is to be fonnd occasionally on the uplands, but is more common in
the valleys. Stockmen say that, when it is young and green, stock of
all kinds is fond of it. They think it will make good hay. It is one of
the most ijromising of the native hay grasses.

Everlasting Grass [Erio-
cliloa punctata) (fig. 3). — This
grass was found in Shackel-
ford County in a stubble field,
where stock were eating it
greedily. This was in Sep-
tember, but a month later it
was found in several other
localities on the benches and
in the valleys. A well-
informed stockman of Tay-
lor County says that it is a
good pasture grass when it
first greens out in the spring,
affords good pasturage all
through the summer months,
and in autumn, when pro-
tected from stock, will furnish
in abundance a good quality
of hay. In the times when
Fort Griffin, in Shackelford
County, was occupied as a
United States Government
post, this grass was a main
reliance of the troops for hay.
At that time it grew all over
that vicinity from 2 to 4 feet
high, and, as large sections
were covered with it to the
no. 3.-Everiaati«g Grass. practical exclusiou of other

grasses, it was notditlicult to secure hay in large quantities. Now, how-
ever, it is rarely to be found in quantities sutticient or under conditions
suitable for hay purposes— another instance of the reckless manner in
which the range in all central Texas has been abused. In the valley of
the Clear Fork, a few miles below Fort Griflin, this grass was seen
growing luxuriantly in a field where no stock was allowed, showing by
its strong growth what it will do under favorable conditions. Farmers
and stockmen should cultivate it with special reference to its high valne
as a hay grass.

15

Curly Mesquite {Eilaria cencliroules) (fig. 4). — Too much can not
be said in praise of this superior pasture grass. Fortunately for stock-
meu, it is found in all the counties of central Texas and is about the
most abundant, as it certainly is one of the most valuable, of all the
native grasses. It has a peculiar habit of creeping over the ground
and rooting at the joints of the stems, from which spring leafy
branches that in their turn reach out for other places in which to take
root. In protected localities it greens out very early in the spring,
makes a thick mat of leafy turf
during the summer, matures on
its roots, and in the fall and win-
ter, when not rotted by late rains,
affords excellent pasturage for
all classes of stock. No grass
stands the long dry spells to
which the section is periodically
subject better than the curly
mesquite. As it does not grow
tall, sheep, horses, and even hogs
are especially fond of it, and cat-
tle prefer it to almost any other
grass. In very dry weather it
dries up and appears to be dead,
but in a few hours after a warm
rain it becomes green to the end
of its smallest leaf blade and stem.
When matured on its roots, it is
very much better feed than at
any other time, and stock will not
only live but fatten on it without
grain. It is doubtful if acre for
acre it will support as many head
of stock, year in and year out,
as Bermuda grass, but it will
stand drought better, and for
general range purposes is cer-
tainly superior. When lands are sodded down to it and it is given the
advantage of irrigation even by sprinkling, as is done in the case of
Bernuida, it makes as attractive looking turf as the latter, especially
when closely cut by the lawn mower. Some of the central Texas
stockmen are sodding down small pastures, from 5 to 20 acres, with
it, to be used as calf lots and for pasturing the ranch horses used
about headquarters. They report that such pastures in a good year
will support one head of stock per acre. It grows well on any but
alkali soils, on uplands and lowlands, out in the open or in the shade.
In Jones County there is a small pasture well sodded within which

Fio. 4. — Curly Mesquite.

16

mesquite trees of uuusaally large growth stand so close together that a
wagon can with great difficulty be taken through. In this pasture
the curly mesquite grows in the early summer quite tall enough to be
cut with a mowing machine. Under very favorable conditions it could
perhaps be developed into a good hay grass, but it is primarily and pre-
eminently a pasture grass. A Callahan County stockman, finding that
there were many naked spots in his j)asture, took the roots of the curly
mesquite and with an ordinary garden hoe put them in the ground,
scattering them over such spots from 3 to 4 feet apart. This was in
the early spring. By the following autumn they had rooted and sent
out their creeping stems to take root, and had covered the bare places.
This was a case of making two blades of grass grow where none grew
before, and suggests a jjractical way for the renewal of all the much-
abused pastures in and out of central Texas. On i^lowed land this
grass will spread very rapidly, soon forming a fine turf. It will pay
farmers and stockmen to make the experiment of growing it on plowed
land.

Wild Timothy [Mulilenhergia racemosa). — Of all the native hay
grasses of central Texas, this is one of the most valuable. It does not
occur except in moist soils, but there it grows luxuriantly. A speci-
men collected near Abilene measured 4 feet 7 inches in height, and it is
often seen over 5 feet tall. It is slender and erect, its stems soft even
when cured, with an abundance of leafage that does not fall from the
stems, many seeds that do not drop readily, and short but numerous
creeping root-stalks. A farmer on whose place a lot of this was grow-
ing informed me that the only grass of the many varieties growing-
together on the place preferred by his cattle over this wild timothy was
the wild oats ( Uniola latifoUa). An acre of good moist land seeded
down to wild timothy ought to produce in a fair season 2 to 2J tons of
hay equal to the best grown in any country.

White Top ( Triodia albescens) is another excellent hay grass. It
has a very soft stem with an abundance of leaves, and in September
was splendidly seeded. It is found principally in the lowlands, where
it grows from 18 to 20 inches tall; and also on the uplands, even in
sandy and rocky places. In Taylor County, near Lytle Lake, it grows
luxuriantly, but only there in places where it has the benefit of subirri-
gation. It will doubtless prove a valuable grass for hay purposes when
in cultivation, as stock are very fond of it.

Galleta or Black G-rama {HUaria mutica). — Up to a few years since
this grass was not growing in any considerable quantities in the south-
ern or eastern counties, although in the northern and western counties
it constituted a large portion of the pasturage. iS'ow, however, it has
established itself in all the sections, and stockmen report more of it this
year in Taylor, CallahaUj Eastland, and Eunnels counties than was
ever seen before. It is an important grass on the Staked Plains. In
Mitchell County it grows as well on the highest as on the lowest pas-

17

tures. Immediately on the line of the Texas and Pacific Railroad, in
the latter county, is the latan A' alley, and a few years ago there were
several thoui^aud acres of this grass growing there, practically to the
exclusion of other sorts. The stiff red clay soil seemed peculiarly fitted
for its growth. Stockmen in that vicinity were in the habit of cutting
it every year ; it made an excellent quality of hay, much valued by
the livery-stable men of Colorado City and Big Springs. It was in
fact preferred to the baled hay shipped from other sections of Texas.
Now comparatively little of
this grass is available for hay
purposes. It is recognized by
all stockmen as being a valu-
able pasture grass.

Alkali Saccaton {Paniaum
hnlbosum). — There is but little
of this grass in central Texas
and stockmen do not know
much about it. Farmers re-
port that it only recently made
its appearauce in cultivated
fields. It will prove a valua-
ble hay grass, though it is
light for its bulk when cured.
The specimens gatliered grew
on a valley farm in Eastland
County.

Barnyard G-rass {Panicnm
crus-galli) (fig. 5). — The local
names for this are goose grass
and sour grass. It grows best
in moist soils, in the i^rairie
and Southern States, but until
about 1893 was unknown in
central Texas, so far as re-
jiorted. That year it made
its appearance in several of

the counties, and was sup- F.a. 5.-Ban,yard Grass.

posed by farmers to be Colorado grass {Panicum texannm). It is found
only in cultivated fields, or in the immediate vicinity of barnyard build-
ings. It grows in bunches from two to foud? feet high, makes a great
deal of fodder and seeds, and when cured is soft to the touch. Cattle
eat it with evident relish. It has a great many small roots that spread
out near the surface of the ground. One farmer referring to it said:
''It is easy to rid a field of it, as it can be kicked out of the ground roots
and all, or easily knocked out with the back of a hoe." Specimens
were collected in Jones, Taylor, Eastland, Nolan, and Shackelford coun-
ties. Under cultivation it will doubtless i>rove to be a great hay grass.
1588G— No. 10 2

18

Beardless Barnyard Grass {Panicmn crus-galli mnticum) grows
best in wet lands from Louisiana to soiitbern California and as far
north as the Dakotas. It is similar in appearance to the common barn-
yard grass, having- about the same habit growth, about the only difier-
ence being its beardless " seed-heads." Farmers who are familiar with
it regard it as a promising hay grass for wet meadows.

Cotton-top {Panicnm lachnanthum) is found in cultivated fields and
grows from 16 to 32 inches tall. Its appearance indicates that it is a good
hay grass. It has an upright habit, an abundance of leaves, soft stems,

and many seeds that do not
drop readily. It is rather light
in weight considering its bulk,
but stock seems to relish it
when cured. It was not found
growing in pastures, being
entirely eaten out by cattle.

Chaparral Millet { Pan i cum
reverchoni) grows on the high-
lands, in pastures, and in cul-
tivated fields. Although not
a tall grass and producing but
little fodder, its stems are soft
when green, not harsh nor stiff"
when cured, and it ripens an
abundance of seed. It is an
excellent pasture grass that
stands the dry weather well,
and as such is especially
valued by stockmen. If culti-
vated it might develop into a
good hay grass.

Hurrah Grass {Panicnm
reticulatum) occurs only in cul-
tivated fields or along the
roadsides. Itis not well known
either among the stockmen or
farmers. A farmer in wbose
field it occurred says that he has been observing it several years and
esteems it highly. Cattle and horses relish it dry or green, and it is
a promising hay grass. It would doubtless show a large yiehl under
proper cultivation because of its abundant leaves and soft stems. It
seeds freely in September, but the seeds quickly shatter.

Colorado Grass oi' Concho Grass [Panicnm texanum) (fig. 6).— It is
<loubtful whether this can properly be classed as a native of central
Texas, though there are many farmers, especially in Tom (Jreeu,
Concho, Runnels, Coleman, and Brown counties, who insist that they

Fk;. 6. — Coloradi) Grass.

19

have had it in their fields, a native growth, for a great many years.
It is now common throughout this section in cultivated fields. It does
not ordinarily make its appearance until such field crops as Indian corn
are about ready to be " laid by." Then it covers the ground, and by
the time the corn is ready to be gathered it is nearly ready to be cut.
Farmers here are beginning to "lay by" their corn with special refer-
ence to this grass. That is to say, when they plow it the last time they
leave the ground as smooth as possible without furrows. Later they
cut the corn, leaving as little of the stalk as practicable, so that the
grass may be mowed, thus securing a hay crop hardly less valuable
than the corn. In an oat field of about 7 acres the Colorado grass
grew 18 to 24 inches tall and yielded a fraction under 2 tons of hay
per acre besides the grain. All classes of stock relish it and it is
very nutritious, but left too long it dries out and sheds both its leaves
and seed. It was first observed many years ago growing in the valleys
of the Colorado River in Travis County, where the farmers regarded
it as the best of all their hay grasses. It is a grass that does not
have a weedy habit, and land can easily be freed from it in one season
by following with cotton, but few farmers care to get rid of it under
any circumstances.

S"witch Grass {Panicum virgatum) grows in low places, on the banks
of creeks, near tanks and pools, or in valleys where there is moisture.
It is also reported from the moist uplands. Stock eats it, especially
when it is young, and after it matures they eat the seed heads and pick
off the leaves. The great abundance of the latter is a marked charac-
teristic of this grass. Specimens were secured at the Seven Wells, in
Mitchell County, which measured fully 7 feet tall. In a pool near Baird,
in Callahan County, it was growing fully 6 feet in close compact
bunches. After the grass is seeded the stems are rather coarse and
harsh, and stock no longer relish them. If cut before it gets too old it
makes a hay of fair quality.

. Water Grass {Paspalum puhifloriim glabrum) is a strong growing
perennial which ought to make a good hay grass. It was noted only
in the valleys, but a well-informed farmer of Eastland County, on whose
Ijlace the grass occurs, reports that it also grows fairly well on the
uplands. It is found in most of the counties of central Texas. It
often grows 4 feet high, aud as it produces a great abundance of soft
leaves it is regarded as a superior grass. Meadoiw lands seeded down
to it would undoubtedly produce in favorable seasons quite as much
hay as an equal acreage of alfalfa or Colorado grass.

Texas Cro-w-foot ( Leptochloa dubia). — An excellent grass found in
Nolan County. It is worthy of being cultivated. Farmers in other
counties to whom the Nolan County specimens were shown say that
they have it growing on their farms, respectively in Taylor, Jones, and
Runnels counties. It is a promising hay grass.

Drop Seed {ISporoholus cryptandrus). — Found in several localities,

20

but always in moist soils. Specimens were collected on the shores of
Lytle Lake, in Taylor County, near the Seven Wells, in Mitchell County,
on the Clear Fork of the Brazos, in both Jones and Shackleford coun-
ties, and on the Sweetwater, in Nolan County. It ripens but few seeds.
The leaf blades are narrow but abundant. It is a bunch ^rass, a single
clump sometimes being 12 inches in diauieter. Stockmen report that
all classes of cattle eat this grass with evident relish, especially before
flowering and in the winter when it is cured.

There are a great many other grasses that have value either for hay
or pasture purposes, or both, but those above enumerated are believed
to be the most meritorious of those native of central Texas.

FORAGE PLANTS NOT GRASSES.

Stoiley Vetch ( Vicia leavenworthii) is a forage plant of decided
vahie. It appears very early in the spring, and bears pods filled with
small peas. It is eaten by stock in the spring and early summer. As
late as September fair specimens of it were collected, but not in condi-
tion to be eaten by stock. The peas had shattered out and much of
the foliage had fallen from the stems. It is to be found in most of the
pastures in this section, and is known locally by a variety of names.
One farmer claimed to recognize it as the Butterfly i)ea that grew in
his native State of Georgia, but the vetch has the twining habit of a
vine while the pea grows erect. A stockman who has held stock in
Arizona and New Mexico says that a similar vetch grows there and is
known as the Buffalo pea, while a farmer from Louisiana says it resem-
bles the Partridge pea. Several parties near Putnam, in Callahan
County, experimented with this pea last year with satisfactory results.
They report that it blooms from March to the middle of May and that
the peas ripen while it is still blooming, after the habit of the English
garden pea. A county official of Callahan County says that several
years ago in February he saw this pea in full bloom about Aledo, in
Parker County, where it grows wild in great abundance.

Tallow Weed {Actinella UnearifoUa). — Every sheep raiser in all the
stock counties of Texas knows the habits and value of this remarkable
forage i)lant. It is not a very common growth, but occurs in almost
ev^cry one of the counties in this section of Texas. It has somewhat
the form of young lettuce when it first appears. Later it puts out a
yellow blossom that fills the air with its rich perfume. Still later it
forms a seed head resembling somewhat that of a yellow clover. It
flowers in the early spring and is ready for all kinds of stock in advance
of any other weed or grass. Some of the accounts given by enthusiastic
stockmen as to its merits are almost too wonderful to be fully credited.
For instance, one who has a ranch on the Clear Fork of the Brazos, in
-lones County, says that a few years ago, when a hard, wet winter had
followed on the heels of a very dry summer, the little grass that was
available rotted before Christmas, and, having laid up no hay, grain, or

21

other winter feed for his stock, he was gravely apprehensive that he
would lose a great uiuuy of them before the early spriug weeds and
grasses would appear; but his range, it seems, was well seeded with
the tallow weed, which continued to grow all the winter, and not only
ke])t his stock alive but fattened them. He declares that when the
-spring opened he had beef steers fat enough to be put on the market,
fattened entirely on this plant. A sheep raiser of Tom Green County,
in 1892, had his sheep on a ranch that was in both Tom Green and
Crockett counties. During the early winter of that year his ranch on
the Concho Eiver, in Tom Green County, where he was then holding
his sheep, was overflowed and he lost all the hay and grain he had laid
up as winter feed for his stock. The roads from his ranch to the rail-
road were impassable on account of the frequent and heavy rains.
Practically all the grass on his Concho River ranch was rotted by the
rains. By midwinter his sheep were so thin that it looked as though
most of them would die from starvation before spring. Early in Janu-
ary he started his sheep to this Tom Green and Crockett County ranch.
He found there, early in January, quite a large proportion of this range
covered with tallow weed just beginning to bloom. Up to that time he
had no knowledge of its habits and value, but as his sheep ate it with
evident relish; as there was nothing else for them he permitted them
to eat their fill of it. In a short time they showed signs of imi)rove--
ment and by the first of March, when the weed was in full bloom, they
were in satisfactory condition. Naturally this rancher is a firm believer
in the tallow weed, which, according to him, "will put more tallow on
the kidneys of any kind of stock than the same bulk of any other forage
plant that ever grew in any country under the sun." So far as known
the tallow weed has never been cultivated in this section, and as it
rarely grows very tall on the range no effort has been made to cut it
for hay. In a cultivated field it will grow tall enough to be cut for hay
which will be equal to the best. No chemical analysis of tallow weed
has been made, but a forage plant that \^ill, while green, fatten sheep
and cattle, without other feed, in the winter and early spring must when
properly cured prove very nutritious.

Fall Tallow Weed {Amhlyolepis ,setif/era). — Found in October grow-
ing luxuriantly, protected by a .brush fence, on a ranch about 5 miles
north of Abilene. When within 200 yards of the spot where it was
growing the familiar, rich, j)ungent, thoroughly agreeable perfume
characteristic of the true tallow weed [AcUnella linearifoUa) could be
recognized. That found as above stated was growing much after the
habit of the clovers. It promises to be a superior hay producer, and
may be recommended for cultivation by farmers and stockmen.

Careless "Weed {Atri2)le.v ohovatnm) grows anywhere and everywhere
all over central Texas. It often grows in soils too strong with alkali for
grasses. While not stating authoritatively that it prefers alkali soils,
yet it does thrive under such conditions, and the suggestion is ventured

22

that it may have a special mission worthy the cousideration of stockmen
aud farmers— to reclaim alkali lands. It grows tall enough to be cut,
and both its leaves aud small twigs are eaten by stock. I know of no
instance where stock have had to depend upon it entirely for food, but
as a rule they know what is nutritious, so that it is quite probable that
the "Careless AVeed'' has a special value as a forage plant. A reliable
sheepman of Concho County says that sheep eat it greedily. It pro-
duces enormous quantities of seed, and every year reseeds the land
where it grows. A Mitchell County sheepman thinks that sheep eat
it because of its tonic properties. It has a bitter principle that suggests
such an idea. On the high plains of Nevada and Utah, and in Arizona
and New Mexico a similar species {A.j)almeri) furnishes a considerable

part of the winter forage for
both cattle and sheep. Cat-
tlemen who have held cattle
on the range in Arizona say
that a salt bush, sweet sage
{A. canescens), Yery similar to
this in many respects, is a
principal reliance in that sec-
tion for all classes of stock.
Beggar Weed {Besmodium
paniculatum). — There is some
prejudice in the minds of
many persons against this ex-
cellent forage plant because
of the fact that its seeds have
a way of fastening themselves
to one's clothes. But this is
only an incident that ought
not to be considered in de-
ciding upon its value for for-
The fact is, horses, cattle, and sheep are all fond of it. It thrives
best in low and moist soils, but it is also to be found on the uplands.
The specimens collected grew in a rich, moist, sandy loam. The stems
are rather inclined to be woody, but when growing thickly, as fre-
quently happens in this section, the entire bush is easily convertible
into hay. As a renovator of wornout soils or as a green manure no
better nor cheaper fertilizer can be used than to turn under the rank
growth of the beggar weed. The tap root descends deeply into the
soil, bringing up mineral fertilizers from the subsoil which can be util-
ized by other crops. As it nuxkes an excellent quality and a great
abundance of feed for stock, it is recommended that farmers and stock-
men familiarize themselves with the habits and general good (lualities
of this beggar weed.

Wild Bean {J'haseolus helvolus) (fig. 7) is found on low moist lands
throughout central Texas. The vines are frequently seen clinging to

Fig. 7.— Wild Bean.

age.

!3

tall trees aud growing' up to tbeir very tops. One such vine i-u East-
land County measured nearly 50 feet in length. This bean furnishes
a large quantity of fodder that is eaten by cattle and sheep. It is a
perennial witL slender stems, and if properly cultivated will prove
a very valuable addition to the forage plants of this section. It grows
best in woodland copses along the banks of streams or in low moist
valleys where it finds tall and strong weeds or grasses upon which to
cling.

Needle Grass or Dog-town Grass {Aristida fasciculata). — There
is an impression which obtains among other than cattlemen that this
grass is a nuisance rather than an advantage to the range. But a
careful investigation demonstrates that it is one of the most valuable,
all things considered, of the pasture grasses found in this section. It
is true that the needle-like seeds when ripe render the grass in some
respects objectionable. For instance, they attach themselves to the
wool of sheep, work tbeir way through it to the bodies, and inflict
on them ugly wounds that not only cause serious inconvenience, but
sometimes result in real injury to the animals. Especially is this the
case with lambs. Again, no class of stock seems to relish the grass
while the needles are still attached. Cattle eat it at such times when
forced to do so because of the scarcity of other grasses, but some-
times the needles pierce their tongues and otherwise wound their
mouths. However, the damage done to cattle and sheep in this way
has undoubtedly been greatly exaggerated. On the other hand the
good qualities of the grass have been greatly underestimated. It is
one of the most common pasture grasses in this section. It is less sub-
ject than any other to the destructive tendencies of prairie dogs.
Owing to the peculiar beards on the seeds, this grass reseeds itself
after all other grasses have been destroyed by the dogs near their holes.
The seeds, when shed from the stems, are blown over the ground, fasten
themselves to the earth, and work themselves down into it. As they
are blown about over the range they fasten themselves to bare spots,
which are the result of many different causes, and so renew them. It
has been suggested by some stockmen that a very good way to speedily
renew all our ranges would be to run furrows from east to west at
short intervals through them. These furrows would catch the drifting
seeds of this and other grasses as they are blown along by the prevail-
ing south winds. The seeds would readily attach themselves to the
loose soil of these furrows. This would assist the natural tendency of
the ranges to renew themselves. But, aside from these considerations,
this grass has another special value. It is one of the first of all the
range grasses to become green in early spring. It affords good feed to
all classes of stock while the grass is young and before the seeds
become stiff and troublesome. That it possesses very nutritious quali-
ties no one familiar with it will deny. Indeed, some of the best informed
stockmen of this section say that they regard it, when stock can eat it

24

safely, as being quite as fattening as the curly mesquite. After the
seeds are shed there is no better grass on the range. It has the habit
of the curly mesquite of curing on the roots. No matter how dry it
may look to be, after a warm rain it will green out to the end of its
blades and stems. Some say that horses and cattle will not eat it after
it has shed its seed and has dried out. This, however, is a mistake.
To satisfy himself on this point the writer has been on the range with
a view especially to ascertain the fact, and has seen cattle, horses,
and mules all eating it greedily under such conditions. One of the best
informed stockmen of central Texas, when asked his opinion on the value

of this grass, said: '^It is about
the earliest of all our pasture
grasses; it is as nutritious as
the best: stock eat it before the
seeds become harsh and after
they are separated from the
stems; and it contributes more
than any other grass to the an-
nual renewal of the range. It is
a main reliance with the cow
men throughout this section. I
regard it as one of the most
valuable grasses for general pur-
poses that we have."

Buffalo G-rass {BuJbiUs <]ac-
tyJoides) (fig. 8). — It is more than
probable that stockmen fre-
quently mistake this grass for
the different varieties of grama.
It is a very common grass
throughoutcentral Texas, which
is not the case with the gramas.
Certainly in this sectionit is
more valuable than the others,
since it furnishes very much
more stock feed than any, or indeed all, of the gramas put together.
There are many who perhaps esteem the buffalo grass more liighly than it
deserves; but there are more who do not give to it the credit to which
it is really entitled. A range well seeded down to it, with curly mes-
quite and needle grass, is an ideal stocic range so far as the grasses are
concerned; and it is a very common thing in all this section to find
just this combination. The greater the variety of pasture grasses tlie
better the range for practical purposes, but stockmen in tliis section
would not willingly exchange these three for any other mixture.

Fig. 8.— Buffalo Grass.

25

GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS OP PROBABLE VALUE.

In addition to the above 34 varieties of grasses and forage plants,
the followiug are worthy of being carefully studied by farmers and
stockmen :

Bur Grass {Cenclirus trihuloides). — This is another grass that is
much abused, even by well-informed stockmen, on account of its pecu-
liar thorny bur-like seeds, and because in cultivated fields it is a bad
weed. It is pretty well distributed throughout the United States, east
and west. In this section it has a real value that more than offsets its
disadvantages. That is to say, it witlistands dry weather better than
many of the other grasses found here. A great deal of it was seen in
September on a range in Mitchell County, Every pasture grass except
those in the moist valleys was looking dryland cured except bur grass.
The latter was as green as a young wheat field, and loaded down with
seed. In traveling over this section, in September and October, when-
ever one notices an especially green spot on the range it may safely be
assumed, without examination, to be the bur grass. After it has
shed its seed it is relished by all classes of stock, and stockmen, while
finding much fault with the seed, agree that it is very nutritious. It
is also valuable when young or before the bur-like seed is formed.

Wild Millet ( CJiaetochloaitalica) is found as a weed in cultivated land,
in Nolan, Taylor, and Eastland counties. It grows, under such condi-
tions, to be from 18 to 30 inches tall, seeds freely and produces a fair
amount of fodder. It has the appearance of being a good hay grass.
Its growth as a weed indicates somewhat the adaptability of millet
and Hungarian grass to these central Texas soils.

Sedges {Cyperiis and Carex species). — These are not true grasses,
technically considered, but are so regarded by stockmen in this
section. They are distributed over a wide extent of country, and
while occurring chietiy in the low and moist valleys, there are some
that grow well on the uplands and even among the rocks. Stockmen
do not as a rule value the sedges highly for pasturage, because while
they become green in early sj^ring and stock eat them until the seeds
commence to form, they do not supply a lasting forage. By that time
other and better grasses abound, and stock do not then care for them,
and will not eat them if they can get anything else.

Bog rushes {Jnncus species). — These also are not true grasses,
although from their grass-like habit they are so regarded by stockmen.
The most common sort grows on high and rocky places. They pro-
duce many seeds that do not drop readily, and the stems are slender,
but rather harsh, and produce little fodder. An intelligent farmer
says that these rushes are eaten by cattle, and possibly some of them
are of value as low-ground forage plants, as are the sedges.

Satin Grass [Muhlenheryia tenuijiora) was first found in Eastland
County, but it has since then been reported from several other counties
of this section. While not common, it is here in sufficient quantities to

2^

entitle it to consideration. Tliere is mucn difference of opinion among
farmers as to its merits. It is not met with except on farms, growing-
near streams. Stockmen who are not also farmers do not appear to
know anything about it. It produces an abundance of foliage and soft
stems, and ought to make good hay. Specimens from Eastland County
were nearly 3 feet high. After being fully cured it is soft, has a rich
smell, and seems in many respects ecjual to the best native grasses of
this section. It has slender, erect stems, long, narrow leaves, strong
roots that take firm hold in the earth, and few seed (in September). If
cultivated it might prove to be a fairly good hay grass.

Grapevine Mesquite {Panicnm ohtnsum) grows in most of the coun-
ties of central Texas. It has long, creeping, jointed stems that root
wherever they touch the ground, scanty leafage and that rather harsh,
and a fair quantity of seed that clings well to the stems. It grows in this
section from 18 to 24 inches high. There were no indications of its
having been eaten by stock, although an observing farmer says : "They
do eat it when they can't get anything better.'" Mixed with other and
softer grasses it will perhaps prove of some value.

Crab Grass {Fanicum sangidnale). — It is scarcely necessary to dis-
cuss tbis well-known grass, for whether a native of this section or not,
it is here in great quantities and is a pest or a blessing according to
the point of view from which it is considered. Growing in cultivated
tields it is not very troublesome until corn and other field crops are
about to be " laid by," when it asserts itself vigorously. Once it gets
a foothold in a field it soon occupies every foot of the ground. This is
the unfavorable view to be taken of it. On the other liand it furnishes
a great abundance of excellent pasturage for all classes of stock. That
it is nutritious can not be seriously questioned. Excepting on soils
where it is not desirable for stock to run after field crops are gathered,
this grass is valuable, adding largely to the capacity of farms to sup-
port the cattle. One class of farmers here insist that it is an unmiti-
gated pest. Others say that while they w^ould not deliberately intro-
duce it on their farms, they are satisfied to have it remain. A few have
expressed themselves as preferring it, one of these stating that both
for pasturage and hay purposes a field well seeded to crab grass was,
in his oi)inion, worth more year after year than the value of any other
crop that could be grown. On the whole, it may be regarded as an
excellent hay grass primarily, and incidentally as a good pasture grass.

Knot GraSiS (Paspalum distichum) (fig. 9) has a local name that, in
a sense, very aptly describes it, " Eternity grass." A farmer on whose
ground this grass was growing luxuriantly, when asked why it was so
called, pointed out a stem of it and invited the writer to trace it back to
the original root. He followed it through a